German silver is a popular metal used in jewelry, flatware, and decorative items due to its bright, silvery appearance. Owners often ask if this material, which looks like sterling silver, will also suffer from tarnish. The simple answer is yes, German silver will tarnish over time, but the underlying reason and resulting discoloration are fundamentally different from what occurs on true silver. This article explores the chemistry behind German silver’s tarnish and provides methods for prevention and restoration.
Defining German Silver and Its Tarnish Potential
German silver, also known as nickel silver or alpaca, is a metal alloy that contains no elemental silver. The name comes solely from its bright, white color, which mimics the look of precious metal. It is a blend of three base metals: copper, nickel, and zinc, with copper typically making up the largest percentage, often 50% to 60%.
Because it is an alloy of base metals, its tarnish process is distinct from the silver sulfide reaction seen on sterling silver. Despite its resistance to corrosion, the presence of copper ensures that surface degradation will occur. The nickel component contributes to hardness and helps maintain luster, but regular environmental exposure will eventually cause the surface to dull and discolor.
Understanding the Tarnish Reaction
The discoloration on German silver is primarily caused by the oxidation of the copper content within the alloy. Tarnish is a chemical reaction where the metal surface interacts with compounds found in the air and moisture. Specifically, copper reacts with sulfur-containing gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, to form copper sulfides on the metal’s exterior.
This chemical change creates a dark surface film that reduces reflectivity. The resulting tarnish presents as a dark gray, dull film, or sometimes a slight greenish patina, characteristic of copper-based corrosion. This is visually different from the deep black layer of silver sulfide that forms on sterling silver. High humidity and environmental pollutants accelerate the reaction speed.
Practical Care: Preventing Future Tarnish
Preventing tarnish relies on reducing the alloy’s exposure to reactive environmental elements. Proper storage is the most effective strategy for slowing oxidation. Items should be stored in dry, airtight containers, such as sealed plastic bags, to create a barrier against air and moisture.
Adding specialized anti-tarnish strips inside these containers helps absorb sulfur compounds and airborne pollutants. Controlling humidity is also important; placing a small desiccant packet, like silica gel, will absorb residual moisture. For jewelry, always put it on after applying cosmetics, lotions, or perfumes, as these chemical ingredients accelerate tarnishing upon contact.
Handling should be minimized, as the oils, acids, and salts from skin hasten surface discoloration. If the item is handled frequently, wipe it clean with a soft, lint-free cloth after each use to remove fingerprints and moisture. For display pieces, applying a clear protective coating or microcrystalline wax creates a durable, invisible barrier that seals the metal surface from the atmosphere. This protective layer must be reapplied periodically.
Restoring Tarnished German Silver
When tarnish appears, use the gentlest cleaning method first to preserve surface integrity. Begin by washing the item in warm water mixed with mild dish soap to remove surface dirt and oils. Use a soft cloth or a soft-bristled toothbrush for intricate areas, then rinse thoroughly with clean water.
After washing, dry the item completely with a soft, lint-free cloth, as remaining moisture promotes new tarnish. For light tarnish, apply a commercial, non-abrasive metal polish formulated for nickel, brass, or copper alloys gently with a soft cloth. The polish removes a microscopic layer of the oxidized surface, restoring shine.
Alternative mild cleaning agents, like a paste made from non-gel toothpaste, can buff away minor dullness. For heavier tarnish, use a gentle soak in a mixture of white vinegar and water, or a specialized household cleaning plate system. Avoid abrasive materials like steel wool or harsh scouring pads, which will scratch the alloy’s surface. Liquid dips designed for sterling silver should also be avoided, as they are optimized for silver sulfide and are unsuitable for the copper-nickel-zinc alloy.