Dong Quai, or Angelica sinensis, is a root widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and often referred to as “female ginseng” due to its historical use in women’s health. This popular herb is frequently sought out by individuals hoping to naturally address various menstrual and menopausal symptoms.
The belief that Dong Quai can elevate the body’s progesterone levels is a common assumption given its reputation as a hormonal tonic. However, the scientific evidence regarding this specific action is limited and warrants a closer examination.
This article clarifies the relationship between Dong Quai and progesterone, exploring the hormone’s function, the herb’s active components, and its true mechanism of action.
Understanding Progesterone’s Role
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that plays a significant part in the female reproductive cycle and pregnancy. It is primarily produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation. The hormone’s main function is to prepare the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus, for the potential implantation of a fertilized egg.
Progesterone causes the uterine lining to thicken and become rich in blood vessels and glandular secretions, creating a hospitable environment for an embryo. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels decline rapidly, which triggers the shedding of the endometrium, resulting in menstruation.
If pregnancy is established, progesterone levels increase substantially to maintain the uterine lining, prevent uterine contractions, and support the developing fetus until the placenta takes over production. Low progesterone is therefore often associated with menstrual irregularities and difficulties in sustaining a pregnancy, leading many to search for ways to increase it.
Dong Quai’s Traditional Use and Active Compounds
Dong Quai has a history spanning thousands of years in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), where it is classified as an herb that “tonifies the blood.” Traditional practitioners prescribe it to support blood health, regulate the menstrual cycle, and alleviate symptoms associated with various gynecological complaints. It is commonly used to address conditions like irregular periods, scanty menstruation, and pelvic pain.
The root of the Angelica sinensis plant contains several bioactive compounds believed to be responsible for its effects. Among the most studied are phthalides, such as ligustilide, and ferulic acid. Ferulic acid, for example, is known for its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet activities, which supports the herb’s traditional use for improving blood circulation.
The coumarins present in Dong Quai also contribute to its biological properties, including its antispasmodic effects. Ligustilide specifically promotes antispasmodic activity on smooth muscles, which can help soothe uterine cramping. These compounds are the focus of modern research.
Scientific Examination of Hormonal Impact
Despite its reputation, current scientific evidence does not support the claim that Dong Quai directly increases progesterone levels in the human body. Research on the herb’s direct impact on progesterone production is extremely limited and largely inconclusive. The herb is not considered a progestogen, which would be a compound that mimics or stimulates the action of progesterone.
The confusion likely stems from the fact that some compounds within Dong Quai are classified as phytoestrogens, plant-derived substances that can weakly interact with estrogen receptors (ERs). However, even its estrogenic activity is inconsistent and often weak in human clinical trials. Some laboratory studies suggest it may stimulate certain estrogen-sensitive cells, while other human trials found no evidence of estrogenic effects following supplementation.
The herb’s perceived benefit for menstrual symptoms is likely due to its other properties, such as its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic actions on the uterus, not progesterone modulation. By relaxing the uterine muscles and improving blood flow, Dong Quai may alleviate discomfort that is often associated with hormonal imbalances. Therefore, while it may help manage symptoms traditionally linked to low progesterone, its mechanism involves modulating other pathways, not boosting progesterone production.
Safety Considerations and Contraindications
Individuals considering Dong Quai must be aware of several important safety considerations and contraindications. One of the most significant concerns relates to its blood-thinning effects. The coumarins and ferulic acid within the root possess antiplatelet activity that can slow blood clotting.
Due to this effect, Dong Quai should not be taken with anticoagulant medications, such as Warfarin, as this combination can increase the risk of bruising and bleeding. It is generally recommended to discontinue use at least two weeks before any scheduled surgery.
Another common side effect is photosensitivity, where the herb can make the skin extremely sensitive to sunlight, increasing the risk of severe sunburn or rash. Furthermore, due to its potential, albeit weak, estrogenic activity and reports of uterine stimulation, Dong Quai is contraindicated during pregnancy and for individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions, including certain cancers.