Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a widely available over-the-counter supplement often promoted for its potential to balance hormones. As hormone levels naturally shift with age, many individuals turn to DHEA hoping to restore sexual function and vigor. This article examines the scientific evidence focusing specifically on whether DHEA supplementation can effectively improve libido and sexual desire. Understanding the hormone’s mechanism and clinical research results is important for anyone considering its use.
What DHEA Is and How It Influences Sex Hormones
DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) is the most abundant circulating steroid hormone in the human body, produced primarily by the adrenal glands, with smaller amounts coming from the gonads and brain. It is classified as a “prohormone,” meaning it acts as the starting material for the body to synthesize more potent sex hormones. DHEA converts into androgens, such as testosterone, and estrogens, like estradiol, within various peripheral tissues.
This conversion process, known as intracrine metabolism, allows DHEA to maintain a steady supply of active sex hormones in tissues involved in sexual function. DHEA is metabolized to androstenedione, which can then be converted into either testosterone or estrone, depending on specific enzymes like aromatase. Testosterone and estrogen are the main hormones that directly regulate sexual function, desire, and the health of sexual tissues.
DHEA levels typically peak in early adulthood, around age 20 to 25, and then steadily decline with age, a phenomenon sometimes called “adrenopause.” This decline in the precursor hormone pool is why DHEA supplementation is explored to mitigate age-related symptoms, including diminished sexual desire. In men, DHEA contributes to approximately 50% of androgen production, while in premenopausal women, DHEA can contribute to over 75% of estrogen production.
Clinical Research on DHEA and Sexual Desire
Research suggests DHEA supplementation can improve aspects of sexual function, but results are not universally conclusive across all demographic groups. The most promising findings have been observed in post-menopausal women experiencing low libido or sexual dysfunction. Studies show DHEA can improve various aspects of female sexual function, including sexual interest, arousal, lubrication, and satisfaction.
In post-menopausal women, DHEA becomes the primary source of sex hormones, which is why supplementing can significantly improve sexual health symptoms, such as thinning of vaginal tissue (atrophy). A prescription vaginal insert form of DHEA has been shown to reduce pain during sex by up to 15% in post-menopausal women. Oral DHEA supplementation in women also increases serum testosterone levels, which is thought to mediate improvements in desire and arousal.
In contrast, the evidence for substantial improvement in libido in men is often mixed or less pronounced. Research indicates that while DHEA may increase total serum testosterone levels, it often does not translate into a significant increase in sexual desire or satisfaction in older men. One study found no positive effect on libido measures for men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder, though a positive effect was seen in women with the same condition.
DHEA may be most beneficial for individuals with documented low baseline DHEA levels or diminished adrenal function. However, overall efficacy is not as consistent as traditional hormone replacement therapies, and the benefit is concentrated in specific clinical scenarios, especially among women with sexual dysfunction. The varying results across studies are likely due to differences in dosage, delivery method, duration of treatment, and the underlying health status of participants.
Important Safety and Dosage Considerations
DHEA is available as a dietary supplement in the United States, but it is not approved or regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating low libido or any other condition, except for a prescription vaginal insert product for painful intercourse. Because DHEA is a hormone precursor that increases sex steroid levels, its use carries a risk of side effects related to elevated androgen and estrogen. Adverse reactions can include oily skin, acne, unwanted hair growth (hirsutism), hair thinning, and changes in mood or irritability.
Due to its conversion into estrogen and testosterone, DHEA is strongly contraindicated for individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions, such as breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer. It can also interact with certain medications, including estrogen and testosterone supplements, potentially leading to excessively high hormone levels. Individuals with liver problems, diabetes, or mood disorders should exercise caution and consult a physician before use, as DHEA may worsen these conditions.
The appropriate dosage is highly dependent on an individual’s baseline hormone levels, requiring blood testing and professional interpretation. Self-dosing is strongly discouraged due to the potential for adverse effects and the need to monitor hormone levels over time. Common dosages used in studies for women range from 10 mg to 75 mg orally per day, while men often use 25 mg to 50 mg per day under supervision. DHEA is also banned by several athletic organizations, including the World Anti-Doping Agency, as it is considered a performance-enhancing substance.