Denture adhesive is a non-toxic, water-soluble material designed to enhance the natural forces that keep dentures in place. The primary purpose of this product is to secure a prosthetic to the underlying gum tissue, thereby improving retention and stability. While the product is intended for use between the denture base and the soft tissues of the mouth, the question remains whether this sticky substance can adhere to the smooth surface of natural teeth.
How Denture Adhesives Work
Denture adhesives function primarily through bio-adhesion and cohesion, enhanced by moisture. These products, whether in cream, powder, or strip form, contain hydrocolloid polymers that are activated by saliva or water. Common polymer ingredients include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the calcium/sodium salt of polyvinyl methyl ether/maleic anhydride (PVM/MA) copolymer.
When the adhesive meets saliva, these polymers absorb moisture and swell to create a viscous layer. This results in an elastic network that forms a strong seal and suction between the denture surface and the mucosal tissue. This polymer network resists both pulling (tensile) and sliding (shear) forces, which helps to hold the denture firmly in position. This leads to enhanced stability and chewing ability for the wearer.
Adhesion to Natural Teeth and Enamel
Denture adhesives are engineered to interact with the porous surface of the denture base and the moist surface of the oral mucosa. However, the adhesive material can stick to natural teeth and the enamel surface. This unintended adhesion often occurs when too much adhesive is used, causing it to ooze out from beneath the denture and contact any remaining natural teeth.
When the adhesive residue contacts the slick enamel, it bonds strongly to the tooth surface, creating a difficult-to-remove film. Unlike the intended flexible seal on the gums, this residue on natural teeth is problematic. The sticky material can attract and trap bacteria, potentially leading to plaque buildup around the gumline of residual teeth. Adhesive residue is difficult to remove from the smooth enamel, which is not the environment the product was designed to be cleaned from.
The residue problem is common for individuals who wear partial dentures or have remaining natural teeth that the prosthetic must pass over or rest against. The strong bond of the hydrocolloid polymers means the film remains on the enamel until it is mechanically or chemically removed. Leaving the adhesive film on natural teeth overnight is poor hygiene and can contribute to irritation.
Guidelines for Application and Residue Removal
Proper application minimizes the contact between denture adhesive and any remaining natural teeth. It is recommended to use the adhesive sparingly, applying it in small dots or thin lines to the tissue-contacting surface of the denture. The adhesive should be kept away from the edges of the denture to prevent overflow when the prosthetic is seated. If the adhesive consistently oozes out, it is a sign that too much product is being used.
To remove residue from natural teeth and soft tissues, warm water or a warm saltwater rinse should be used first to loosen the bond. Since the adhesive is water-soluble, rinsing helps break down the polymer network. A soft-bristled toothbrush or a piece of damp gauze can then be used to gently massage the gums and the surface of any remaining natural teeth to lift the lingering adhesive.
Specialized denture adhesive removers or alcohol-free mouthwashes can assist in dissolving the residue without irritating oral tissues. For cleaning the denture itself, use a dedicated denture brush and a non-abrasive denture cleanser to scrub away any remaining fixative. Avoid using abrasive materials like regular toothpaste on the denture, as this can cause micro-scratches where bacteria can harbor.