A computed tomography (CT) scan is a detailed imaging test that uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional pictures of the body. These images provide a comprehensive view of internal organs. This article will explain how CT scans are used in ovarian cancer detection and their place within the broader diagnostic process for this condition.
CT Scan’s Role in Identifying Ovarian Cancer
A CT scan generates images by rotating an X-ray beam around the body, assembling them into slice-like views. For ovarian cancer, a CT scan can reveal abnormal masses or growths on or near the ovaries. The scan provides detailed information about the size, shape, and location of any detected masses.
It can also identify fluid buildup in the abdomen, known as ascites, which can be associated with advanced ovarian cancer. CT imaging is effective in identifying whether cancer has spread to other organs, such as the liver, lungs, or lymph nodes, a process called metastasis. This visual mapping helps in determining the stage of cancer and guides treatment planning.
CT Scan Limitations for Ovarian Cancer
While a CT scan is a valuable tool for detecting abnormalities, it has limitations for ovarian cancer diagnosis. The scan can identify a mass, but it often cannot definitively distinguish between a benign (non-cancerous) growth and a malignant (cancerous) tumor. CT scans may not detect very early-stage ovarian cancer or microscopic disease. Therefore, a CT scan is an important part of the diagnostic process but is not a standalone method for confirming an ovarian cancer diagnosis.
Other Diagnostic Methods for Ovarian Cancer
Given CT scan limitations, other diagnostic methods are frequently used to evaluate for ovarian cancer. A pelvic exam is often the first step, where a doctor manually checks the ovaries and uterus for any abnormalities. This physical examination can sometimes detect larger masses.
Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) provides more detailed images of the ovaries and uterus by using sound waves emitted from a small probe inserted into the vagina. This imaging technique is particularly useful for visualizing ovarian cysts or masses and assessing their characteristics, such as whether they are solid or fluid-filled. Another common test is the CA-125 blood test, which measures levels of a protein that can be elevated in some women with ovarian cancer. However, CA-125 levels can also be high due to other non-cancerous conditions, making it a non-specific marker.
The definitive method for diagnosing ovarian cancer is a biopsy. This procedure involves surgically removing a small tissue sample from the suspicious mass, which is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist. A biopsy confirms whether cancer cells are present and determines the specific type of ovarian cancer.
Interpreting CT Scan Results and Next Steps
After a CT scan, a radiologist interprets the images and generates a report. This report is sent to the referring physician, who discusses the findings with the patient. The interpretation considers the size, location, and characteristics of any identified masses, and signs of spread.
Based on the CT scan results and other clinical information, the doctor outlines the next steps. These might include further imaging, such as an MRI or PET scan, to gather more detailed information about suspicious areas. Additional blood tests beyond CA-125 might also be ordered to assess other markers. Patients may also be referred to a gynecologic oncologist, a specialist in cancers of the female reproductive system, for further evaluation and management.
If a suspicious mass is identified, a biopsy will be recommended to obtain a definitive diagnosis. In some cases, if findings are inconclusive or suggest a benign condition, a doctor might recommend a period of watchful waiting with repeat imaging to monitor for any changes.