When the body encounters an infection like COVID-19, it often responds with various symptoms, particularly those affecting the respiratory system. Phlegm, a type of mucus, is produced in the lungs and respiratory tract, serving as a protective barrier. It traps foreign particles and microbes, playing a role in the body’s natural defense mechanisms. Understanding how COVID-19 influences phlegm production can offer insights into the disease’s progression.
Phlegm as a COVID Symptom
Phlegm, often expelled through a productive or “wet” cough, is a recognized symptom that can occur with COVID-19. While a dry cough is more frequently reported (affecting 50% to 70% of patients), a productive cough can also occur. Data from a study on the Omicron variant indicated that about 35.0% of non-hospitalized individuals experienced a productive cough. Though not the most common initial presentation, phlegm production is common among those infected with SARS-CoV-2. The presence of phlegm can indicate the body’s attempt to clear the respiratory passages of the virus and associated cellular debris.
Understanding Phlegm Production in COVID
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, affects the respiratory system by triggering an inflammatory response. When the virus infects cells lining the airways, the immune system activates, leading to increased production of mucus. This process involves the upregulation of specific mucin molecules, such as MUC5AC and MUC5B, which are key components of airway mucus. Inflammation can also activate mast cells, releasing inflammatory mediators like IL-1β and TNF-α, further contributing to excessive mucus production and its increased viscosity. The body’s natural defense mechanism aims to trap viral particles and immune cells within this thickened mucus, facilitating their removal from the airways through coughing.
Recognizing Concerning Phlegm Characteristics
Observing phlegm characteristics provides clues about a respiratory infection, including COVID-19. Normally, mucus is clear and thin. During infection, phlegm may become denser, appearing white or creamy due to immune cells. Changes in color are important:
Bright yellow or green often indicates infection.
Pink or red streaks signify blood, requiring immediate medical attention.
Dark brown phlegm may indicate severe infection like bacterial pneumonia.
Black phlegm is rare, suggesting old blood or inhaled substances.
Any significant increase in thickness, volume, or the development of a foul odor should prompt consultation with a healthcare professional, as these changes could signal worsening conditions or secondary infections.
Managing Phlegm During COVID Recovery
Managing phlegm during COVID-19 recovery involves supportive measures to help the body clear the respiratory tract. These include:
Staying well-hydrated, especially with warm liquids, to thin mucus for easier expulsion.
Using a humidifier to add moisture to the air, soothing irritated airways and keeping mucus less viscous.
Gargling with warm salt water to clear phlegm from the throat and soothe irritation.
Steam inhalation, such as from a warm shower or a bowl of hot water, to help loosen phlegm.
Adequate rest to conserve energy and focus on healing.
While these strategies aid symptom relief, consult a healthcare provider for persistent, severe, or concerning symptoms.