Experiencing an altered sense of taste is a widely reported symptom associated with COVID-19. This taste change can impact sensory functions beyond typical respiratory symptoms, affecting daily life.
Describing Taste Alterations
COVID-19 can affect taste in several distinct ways. Some individuals experience ageusia, the complete inability to taste anything. Others might encounter dysgeusia, a condition where taste is distorted, leading to unusual or unpleasant flavors from familiar foods. This can manifest as metallic, bitter, chemical, or bland sensations.
Parosmia, a distorted sense of smell, is also reported. With parosmia, normally pleasant aromas, like coffee or perfume, can smell rotten, fecal, or foul. Since much of what we perceive as “flavor” is a combination of taste and smell, these olfactory distortions significantly influence how food is experienced.
The Mechanisms Behind Taste Changes
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, primarily gains entry into human cells by binding to the ACE2 receptor and utilizing the TMPRSS2 enzyme. While taste receptor cells may not express high levels of ACE2, the virus can infect supporting cells in the oral cavity and olfactory epithelium. These supporting cells are linked to the sensory neurons responsible for taste and smell.
Damage to these supporting cells, either directly by the virus or through the body’s inflammatory response, can disrupt signals sent to the brain. The inflammatory process can also lead to the death of taste cells, contributing to gustatory dysfunction. Damage to olfactory neurons or their supporting cells can also impair taste perception.
How Long Taste Changes Last
The duration of taste alterations due to COVID-19 varies among individuals. For many, these changes are temporary. Studies indicate that around 77% of patients recover their sense of taste within a month, and approximately 88% recover within two months.
For some, however, taste changes can persist for weeks or even months. Research suggests that about 90% of mildly symptomatic patients who experienced taste or smell loss fully regained these senses within two years. Factors such as the severity of the initial illness or the specific variant of the virus may influence recovery time.
Managing Altered Taste
Coping with altered taste can be challenging, but several strategies can help manage symptoms. Experiment with different food textures, temperatures, and strong flavors like herbs, spices, or tart ingredients to make meals more palatable. For instance, adding lemon, lime, or vinegar may help balance overly sweet or metallic tastes.
Maintaining good oral hygiene, including regular brushing and rinsing, can also contribute to a healthier oral environment and potentially aid taste perception. If cooking smells are bothersome, opt for cold or room-temperature meals. For persistent issues, or if altered taste significantly impacts appetite and nutrition, consult a healthcare professional.