The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is primarily known as a respiratory illness. However, its impact extends beyond the lungs, affecting various body systems and causing a wide array of symptoms. Understanding these manifestations helps comprehend the disease’s full scope.
Back Pain as a COVID Symptom
Back pain is a recognized symptom of COVID-19, often described as myalgia (muscle aches). It can manifest in various areas, with the lower back commonly reported. Studies indicate that muscle aches are among the initial symptoms for up to 36% of individuals with COVID-19. One 2020 study found that 69.3% of COVID-19 patients reported pain, with 43.6% specifically noting back pain. While less common than fever or cough, back pain is still a frequently reported complaint among COVID-19 patients, sometimes appearing as an early symptom.
Reasons for COVID-Related Back Pain
COVID-19 back pain stems from several underlying mechanisms. A significant contributor is the body’s immune response, releasing pro-inflammatory molecules called cytokines. These cytokines can lead to widespread inflammation and stimulate the production of substances like prostaglandin E2, which transmit pain signals to the brain. The direct effects of the virus or the immune response can also cause myalgia throughout the body, including the back.
Beyond direct viral effects and inflammation, general fatigue and malaise can exacerbate existing musculoskeletal issues or create new ones. Prolonged bed rest or reduced activity can also contribute to back pain by leading to muscle weakness and changes in posture. For instance, certain respiratory muscles, when overused during coughing, can become strained and contribute to spinal instability and discomfort. Additionally, muscles that stabilize the spine can atrophy with extended bed rest, further contributing to pain.
Managing Back Pain During COVID
Several home-based strategies can help alleviate back pain during acute COVID-19 infection. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can manage pain and reduce inflammation. Rest is also beneficial, allowing the body to recover. Gentle movement should be incorporated if tolerable to prevent stiffness.
Applying heat or cold packs to the affected area can provide temporary relief. Maintaining good posture, even when resting in bed or on a couch, can help minimize strain on the back. Listen to the body’s signals and avoid overexertion, as pushing too hard can worsen symptoms and delay recovery.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While many cases of COVID-related back pain can be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant medical consultation. Seek medical care if you experience severe or worsening back pain that does not improve with home remedies. Numbness or tingling in the limbs, or new weakness in the legs or feet, also warrants immediate medical evaluation.
Loss of bowel or bladder control accompanied by back pain requires urgent attention. Additionally, back pain with a very high fever, difficulty breathing, or unexplained weight loss should prompt a medical visit. These symptoms could indicate more serious underlying conditions requiring professional assessment.
Persistent Back Pain and Long COVID
Persistent back pain can be part of “Long COVID,” also known as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). It involves ongoing or new back pain lasting weeks or months after the initial infection resolves. Up to 10% of recovered COVID-19 patients may experience long-term musculoskeletal pain.
Contributing factors to this prolonged pain include chronic inflammation, which can persist after acute infection. Post-viral fatigue syndrome, characterized by extreme fatigue and other symptoms, can also contribute to persistent muscle and joint pain, including in the back. Deconditioning due to prolonged illness or reduced activity can also lead to muscle weakness and atrophy, exacerbating back pain over time. Consulting a healthcare provider is important for persistent symptoms to develop a tailored management plan.