Vertigo, a sensation of spinning or false movement, can significantly disrupt a person’s sense of balance. This article explores the relationship between COVID-19 infection and the experience of vertigo.
The Connection Between COVID-19 and Vertigo
Scientific observations indicate a link between COVID-19 infection and the onset or worsening of vertigo. Research suggests that dizziness and imbalance are observed in a notable percentage of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Some studies report that between 12% to 20% of those infected experience these symptoms.
A 2022 systematic review highlighted vertigo and dizziness as clinical manifestations of COVID-19, given the virus’s potential to impact neurological pathways. This connection is increasingly recognized, with some studies focusing on specific vestibular pathologies like vestibular neuritis and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). While the exact prevalence of auditory symptoms in COVID-19 patients is still being determined, infection of the inner ear may contribute to balance problems.
Vertigo can occur both during the acute phase of COVID-19 infection and as a lasting symptom in individuals experiencing “Long COVID.” This suggests that the impact on balance can extend beyond the initial illness.
Understanding How COVID-19 May Cause Vertigo
The mechanisms by which COVID-19 might lead to vertigo are complex and involve several potential pathways. One primary hypothesis centers on the virus’s ability to directly affect the inner ear, a system crucial for balance. Studies have shown that human inner ear tissue expresses ACE2 receptors, which SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells, suggesting a direct viral invasion. This direct infection could damage hair cells and Schwann cells within the inner ear, vital for both hearing and balance.
Beyond direct viral invasion, the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 can trigger widespread inflammation, potentially affecting the inner ear and brain regions responsible for balance. This inflammatory process, sometimes referred to as a “cytokine storm,” can lead to neuroinflammation, contributing to vertigo. Furthermore, the virus can cause vascular issues, such as blood clotting or reduced blood flow, which can impact the delicate blood supply to the vestibular system. The inner ear is particularly susceptible to changes in blood flow.
Autonomic nervous system dysfunction is another proposed mechanism. This dysfunction can lead to conditions like Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), characterized by dizziness and heart rate changes upon standing, observed in long COVID patients.
Differentiating Vertigo from Other Dizziness
Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness characterized by a false sensation of movement, often described as feeling like oneself or the surroundings are spinning or whirling. This sensation can be accompanied by nausea or vomiting and a feeling of imbalance. Vertigo is primarily associated with issues in the inner ear or the central nervous system pathways that process balance.
In contrast, “dizziness” is a broader term encompassing a range of sensations that do not necessarily involve a spinning feeling. These can include lightheadedness, a feeling of faintness, unsteadiness, or a general sense of being woozy or off-balance. Other forms of dizziness might stem from various causes such as dehydration, low blood pressure, or even anxiety.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
It is important to seek medical advice if experiencing vertigo, especially in the context of a COVID-19 infection. Individuals should consult a healthcare professional if vertigo is persistent, worsening, or if it is accompanied by other concerning signs.
Red flag symptoms that necessitate immediate medical evaluation include a sudden, severe headache, double vision, slurred speech, or weakness or numbness on one side of the body. Other signs like difficulty swallowing, new-onset hearing loss, confusion, or seizures also require urgent attention.