Swollen glands, also known as lymph nodes, are small, bean-shaped structures within the immune system. They contain immune cells that help fight infections and diseases. Swelling typically indicates the body is actively responding to an illness or foreign substance.
Understanding Lymph Node Swelling
Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, a clear fluid containing white blood cells. Hundreds of these nodes are located throughout the body, concentrated in areas like the neck, armpits, and groin. They trap harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and abnormal cells.
When an infection or inflammation occurs, lymph nodes produce more white blood cells to combat pathogens. This increased immune activity causes the nodes to enlarge, often becoming tender or painful. Swelling is a normal sign that the immune system is neutralizing a threat.
COVID-19 and Swollen Glands
COVID-19 can lead to swollen lymph nodes as the immune system responds to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. While not among the most common symptoms like fever or cough, swelling can occur even with mild infections. This happens because the immune system activates the lymph nodes to process the viral threat.
COVID-19-related swelling most frequently appears in the neck, as the virus often affects the upper respiratory tract. However, lymph nodes in other areas, such as the armpits, can also swell. Swelling duration varies, sometimes lasting several weeks after initial infection.
It is important to distinguish between swollen lymph nodes due to an active COVID-19 infection and those occurring after vaccination. Swelling after vaccination, particularly with mRNA vaccines, is a known side effect and a normal sign that the body is building an immune response. This vaccine-related swelling typically occurs in the armpit on the side where the shot was administered and resolves within a few weeks.
When to Seek Medical Advice
While swollen lymph nodes are often a benign response to common infections, certain characteristics or symptoms warrant medical evaluation. Consult a healthcare professional if swelling persists for more than two to four weeks, continues to grow, or feels hard, rubbery, and immobile.
Other concerning signs include unexplained weight loss, night sweats, or prolonged fever. Swelling without an obvious cause, or if nodes are very painful or draining pus, also warrants medical attention. Seek medical advice if concerned, especially if nodes are above or below the collarbone, as these can indicate more serious conditions.