COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is primarily a respiratory illness that can manifest with a variety of symptoms affecting the lungs and airways. One common symptom people experience is increased mucus production. This response from the body is a natural, though sometimes uncomfortable, part of how the respiratory system attempts to manage the viral infection.
The Role of Mucus in Respiratory Illness
Mucus is a sticky, gel-like substance produced by specialized cells called goblet cells, which line the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Its normal function is to act as a protective barrier, trapping inhaled particles, dust, allergens, and microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria. The mucus layer also helps to moisten the airways, preventing them from drying out.
Tiny hair-like structures called cilia in the airways work in coordination with mucus. These cilia rhythmically sweep the mucus and trapped foreign substances upwards and out of the lungs, where it can be swallowed or expelled through coughing. This process, known as mucociliary clearance, is an important defense mechanism that helps keep the respiratory system clean and healthy.
Why COVID-19 Can Cause Mucus Production
When the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body, it infects cells lining the respiratory passages. This infection triggers an inflammatory response as the immune system fights off the pathogen. Inflammatory mediators are released, which can directly stimulate the overproduction of mucins, the main protein components of mucus.
The virus’s presence and subsequent inflammation can also lead to changes in respiratory cells, including an increase in mucus-producing cells. This contributes to excessive mucus. This heightened production of thick, sticky mucus is the body’s attempt to trap and clear viral particles and cellular debris resulting from the infection, but it can also lead to airway obstruction.
Studies on lung tissue from individuals with COVID-19 have shown an increased prevalence of mucus accumulation, particularly in the distal airways and alveolar spaces. This mucus accumulation can be highest in the subacute to chronic phases of the disease, even after the virus has been cleared. Additionally, other factors like secondary bacterial infections can further contribute to increased mucus production.
Characteristics of COVID-Related Mucus
The mucus associated with COVID-19 can vary in appearance, consistency, and color as the illness progresses. Initially, mucus might be clear and watery, similar to what one might experience with an early cold or allergies. As the immune system mounts a stronger response, the mucus can become thicker and cloudy.
It may then transition to a white or opaque color, indicating increased congestion. If the mucus turns yellow or green, it suggests the immune system is actively fighting an infection, with the color coming from dead white blood cells. While yellow or green mucus typically points toward an infection, it does not definitively distinguish between viral and bacterial causes. In some instances, especially with forceful coughing, the mucus might have a pink or reddish tint due to small amounts of blood from irritated nasal passages or airways.
Managing Mucus Symptoms
Managing mucus symptoms during COVID-19 often focuses on making breathing easier and promoting clearance. Staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids like water, soup, or fruit juice helps to thin the mucus, making it less viscous and easier to cough up or clear. Using a humidifier in your living space or inhaling steam from a hot shower can also moisten the airways, which helps loosen thick mucus and relieve congestion.
Over-the-counter remedies can provide relief for specific symptoms. Saline nasal rinses are effective for clearing bothersome mucus from the nasal passages. For a productive cough, expectorants like guaifenesin can make mucus thinner and easier to expel, while decongestants such as pseudoephedrine can reduce nasal swelling and postnasal drip. It is advisable to consult a doctor or pharmacist before taking any medications, especially for children or if you have other health conditions. Seek medical attention if you experience:
Symptoms worsen
Difficulty breathing
Persistent chest pain or pressure
New confusion
Inability to wake or stay awake
Lips or face appear bluish, gray, or pale