Headaches are a recognized symptom of COVID-19. They can be an initial indicator of infection, varying in presentation. Understanding their characteristics helps differentiate them from other types of head pain and guides appropriate self-care or medical attention.
Headaches and COVID-19
Headaches are a common neurological symptom reported by individuals with COVID-19. Approximately half of people with COVID-19 experience a headache, often as one of the first symptoms, sometimes preceding other signs like fever or cough.
The occurrence of headaches during a viral infection like COVID-19 is linked to the body’s immune response. When the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body, the immune system releases inflammatory molecules called cytokines to fight the infection. This inflammatory process can affect blood vessels and nerves, including those in the brain, leading to pain. The virus may also directly impact the nervous system or activate specific nerves, such as the trigeminal nerve, which transmits pain signals from the face to the brain.
Specific Qualities of COVID Headaches
COVID-19 headaches often present with distinct characteristics. Many describe the pain as moderate to severe, feeling pulsing, throbbing, or like a tight band around the head. These headaches commonly affect both sides of the head (bilateral), particularly the forehead, temples, or behind the eyes.
Unlike typical headaches, COVID-19 headaches can be persistent, lasting for several days or even weeks. They may also worsen with physical activity, coughing, or bending over. These headaches are often accompanied by other systemic symptoms of COVID-19, such as fever, body aches, fatigue, and sensitivity to light and sound. For some, especially those with a history of migraines, the COVID-19 headache can resemble a migraine, involving throbbing pain, nausea, or heightened sensitivities.
When to Seek Care and Self-Care
Managing COVID-19 headaches at home involves several self-care strategies. Rest is beneficial, and applying a cold compress to the forehead can help alleviate pain. Staying well-hydrated by drinking non-alcoholic fluids is important, as dehydration can worsen headaches, especially if fever or vomiting are present. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, may provide relief for mild to moderate pain. Reducing screen time and avoiding known headache triggers can also contribute to comfort.
While many COVID-19 headaches resolve with self-care, certain symptoms warrant medical attention. Seek prompt medical advice if the headache is severe and sudden, or if it is accompanied by neurological symptoms such as confusion, difficulty speaking, or vision changes. Worsening headache symptoms despite self-care, or persistence for a week or more, are indicators to consult a healthcare provider. Emergency care is necessary for symptoms like trouble breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, new confusion, or bluish discoloration of the lips, face, or nail beds.