COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, presents a wide array of symptoms beyond the respiratory system. Joint pain has emerged as a notable concern for many affected by the virus, impacting daily activities and overall well-being.
Joint Pain During Active Infection
During the acute phase of a COVID-19 infection, joint pain, medically known as arthralgia, can be a symptom. Studies indicate that around 15% of people with COVID-19 experience joint pain, often accompanying myalgia (muscle aches), which is reported in up to 86% of cases.
This acute pain is often generalized, affecting multiple joints, but can also be localized to areas like the hands, feet, knees, or shoulders. This discomfort is part of the body’s systemic inflammatory response to the viral infection, similar to other viral illnesses. Typically, these acute joint symptoms resolve as the primary infection clears.
Joint Pain After Recovery
Joint pain can also persist or develop after the acute phase of COVID-19, a phenomenon often associated with “Long COVID” or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). This lingering joint pain is a significant concern, affecting individuals for weeks, months, or even longer. Arthralgia has been reported by 19% of survivors at 60 days post-onset, and can persist for months.
This post-COVID joint pain can manifest as new onset pain, a worsening of pre-existing joint conditions, or a migratory type of pain that moves between different joints. Its prevalence in the post-acute phase ranges widely, from 2% to 65% within 4 weeks to 12 months following acute infection. Such persistent musculoskeletal issues can notably impact an individual’s quality of life and functional ability.
Why Joints Are Affected
The precise mechanisms by which COVID-19 leads to joint pain are still being investigated, but several hypotheses exist. A primary factor is the body’s widespread inflammatory response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, often called a “cytokine storm.” Pro-inflammatory cytokines can contribute to cartilage destruction and joint inflammation, resulting in pain.
Immune system dysregulation also plays a role, where the immune system might mistakenly attack healthy tissues, leading to conditions resembling autoimmune diseases like reactive arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. While direct viral effects on joint tissues are less common, the virus’s ability to bind to ACE2 receptors in synovial tissue cells suggests a potential pathway for direct impact. Vascular issues, such as endothelial dysfunction and blood vessel inflammation, can also contribute to joint damage and pain by affecting blood supply. Additionally, COVID-19 can trigger a post-viral syndrome where musculoskeletal pain, similar to fibromyalgia, is a common feature.
Coping with Joint Issues
For individuals experiencing COVID-related joint pain, several supportive measures can help manage symptoms. Rest and gentle movement are often recommended, as complete inactivity can worsen joint stiffness. Light physical activity like stretching, yoga, or walking can help maintain joint health and mobility.
Over-the-counter pain relief, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can alleviate pain and inflammation. Applying heat or cold packs to affected joints may also provide relief. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, adequate hydration, and sufficient sleep, supports overall recovery. It is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and management, especially if pain is severe, accompanied by swelling or limited mobility, or significantly impacts daily life.