COVID-19 is primarily known for respiratory symptoms like cough and shortness of breath. However, gastrointestinal (GI) issues are a common and recognized manifestation of the infection, affecting a significant number of people. Understanding these digestive symptoms is important for recognizing the full scope of the illness.
Is Stomach Pain a Symptom of COVID?
Abdominal discomfort and pain are symptoms associated with a SARS-CoV-2 infection, though they are often less frequent than other digestive complaints. Studies show that up to 50% of COVID-19 patients experience at least one gastrointestinal issue. These GI problems include abdominal pain or cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
For some individuals, GI issues may be the first sign of illness, sometimes appearing before any respiratory symptoms begin. Abdominal pain specifically is reported in approximately one in five people with the infection. The prevalence and severity of these symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific variant and the patient’s overall health status.
How COVID-19 Affects the Digestive System
The virus gains entry into human cells by binding to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This receptor is abundant in the respiratory tract and highly expressed on the cells lining the small intestine and colon. When the virus infects these gut cells, it can directly cause inflammation and damage to the digestive tract.
The virus’s attack on ACE2 receptors in the gut disrupts their normal function, which includes regulating amino acid transport and controlling intestinal inflammation. This disruption can lead to gut dysbiosis, an imbalance in the microorganisms residing in the digestive system. The resulting inflammation and altered gut environment contribute to symptoms like abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea.
Managing Gastrointestinal Symptoms at Home
Managing COVID-related digestive distress at home focuses on supportive care to prevent dehydration. Replacing lost fluids is paramount, especially if you are experiencing vomiting or diarrhea. Electrolyte-rich fluids, such as sports drinks or clear broths, are more effective than plain water at restoring necessary salts and minerals.
A simple oral rehydration solution can be made by mixing one liter of water with six level teaspoons of sugar and a half teaspoon of salt. When you feel well enough to eat, switch to a bland diet that is easy to digest. This diet often includes:
- Bananas
- Rice
- Applesauce
- Toast
You should avoid foods that can irritate the digestive tract, such as greasy, spicy, or high-fiber items, along with dairy products, until your symptoms improve.
Eating smaller, more frequent meals helps avoid overloading a sensitive digestive system. Over-the-counter medications for nausea or pain can be used cautiously. Consult a healthcare provider before taking anti-diarrheal medications, as they can sometimes prolong the infection. Probiotics may also help restore the balance of the gut microbiome after a viral infection.
Warning Signs Requiring a Doctor’s Visit
Most gastrointestinal symptoms from a viral illness resolve with supportive home care. However, certain warning signs indicate the need for professional medical attention. Any intense, localized, or rapidly worsening abdominal pain should be evaluated immediately, as this could signal a more serious complication.
Signs of severe dehydration require prompt medical intervention. These include dizziness, confusion, an inability to keep liquids down, or significantly reduced urination. You should also seek care if you notice blood in your vomit or stool, which can indicate internal bleeding or severe inflammation. A persistent high fever that does not respond to medication, or symptoms that continue to worsen after several days, also warrants a call to your doctor.