The emergence of new illnesses often brings uncertainty about various symptoms, leading many people to seek clarity on unfamiliar health concerns. One such common query involves whether a swollen throat indicates an infection, particularly in the context of respiratory illnesses like COVID-19. Experiencing throat discomfort can be unsettling, prompting individuals to wonder about its potential causes and significance. This article aims to address concerns regarding a swollen throat, providing current information to help individuals understand this symptom.
Swollen Throat as a COVID-19 Symptom
A sore throat, often described as a feeling of swelling or discomfort, is a recognized symptom of COVID-19. It can manifest as mild to moderate pain, frequently causing discomfort when swallowing or a dry, scratchy sensation in the throat. This symptom is common and can be among the earliest indicators of the infection.
A sore throat affects approximately 50% to 70% of COVID-19 patients. Newer variants, such as Omicron and its sub-variants like Nimbus (NB.1.8.1), are particularly associated with a prominent sore throat, sometimes described as “razor blade throat.” This heightened throat discomfort is thought to occur because these variants may replicate more effectively in the upper respiratory tract.
A COVID-19-related sore throat typically appears early in the illness and may intensify during the first few days. For most individuals, this symptom tends to improve within 8 to 14 days, though some may experience lingering discomfort beyond this period. While a sore throat can occasionally be the sole symptom of COVID-19, it is more commonly accompanied by other indicators such as fever, cough, fatigue, body aches, headache, runny nose, or a change in taste or smell.
Other Common Causes of Swollen Throat
A sore throat is a common ailment with numerous causes beyond COVID-19. Viral infections are frequent culprits, including the common cold, influenza, and mononucleosis. These viral infections often present with additional symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and general malaise, which can help differentiate them.
Bacterial infections, such as strep throat, are another common cause. Strep throat typically involves a sudden onset of sore throat, fever, swollen tonsils that may have white patches or pus, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Unlike viral infections, strep throat usually does not cause a cough or runny nose, which can be a distinguishing factor.
Non-infectious factors can also lead to a sore throat. Allergies can cause postnasal drip, irritating the throat. Acid reflux (GERD) can cause stomach acid to back up into the esophagus and throat, leading to a burning sensation and discomfort. Environmental irritants, such as dry air, cigarette smoke, air pollution, or chemical fumes, can also cause persistent throat irritation. Additionally, vocal cord strain from excessive yelling or prolonged loud talking can result in throat soreness.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Seek emergency medical care immediately if a swollen throat is accompanied by severe difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, new confusion, or an inability to wake or stay awake. Discoloration of the lips, nail beds, or skin appearing pale, gray, or blue also signals an emergency.
Contact a healthcare provider if a sore throat lasts longer than a week or is accompanied by concerning symptoms:
A fever of 103°F (39.4°C) or higher.
A hoarse voice lasting more than a week.
Visible pus on the back of the throat, or blood in saliva or phlegm.
Signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, muscle cramps, or headaches.
For children, excessive drooling, an inability to swallow liquids, difficulty speaking, increased irritability, or an inability to move the neck should prompt immediate medical attention. Considering a COVID-19 test is advisable if a sore throat presents alongside other symptoms associated with the virus.
Self-Care and Preventing Transmission
Managing a swollen throat at home involves simple measures. Get ample rest and stay well-hydrated with warm liquids like tea or broth, or cold items such as ice pops, to soothe discomfort. Gargling with warm salt water (1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon salt in 4 to 8 ounces water) can help reduce swelling and clear the throat. Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and throat lozenges, offer temporary relief. Using a humidifier can also add moisture to the air, soothing a dry, irritated throat.
Preventing the transmission of respiratory illnesses protects personal and community health. Stay home when unwell, returning to activities only after symptoms improve and fever has been absent for 24 hours without medication. Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue or elbow, and avoid touching the face to limit germ spread. Wearing a mask in crowded indoor spaces and improving indoor ventilation are additional strategies to reduce transmission.