Chemotherapy is a common and effective treatment for various cancers, working to eliminate cancerous cells throughout the body. These systemic medications travel through the bloodstream, reaching cancer cells that may have spread. While designed to target cancerous growths, chemotherapy can also affect the body’s healthy cells, particularly those that divide rapidly. This impact leads to many of the side effects patients experience.
Chemotherapy’s Impact on White Blood Cells
Chemotherapy kills white blood cells, a common side effect. The drugs attack cells that divide quickly, a characteristic of cancer cells. However, healthy cells that multiply rapidly, such as white blood cells, are also susceptible. Among white blood cells, neutrophils are particularly affected, leading to a condition known as neutropenia. White blood cells are integral components of the immune system, serving as the body’s primary defense against infections.
Understanding Chemotherapy’s Cellular Target
Chemotherapy drugs interfere with the fundamental processes of cell division, such as DNA replication or protein synthesis. These medications cannot selectively target only cancer cells, as they act on any rapidly dividing cell. The bone marrow, a spongy tissue found within bones, is continuously producing new blood cells, including white blood cells. This continuous and rapid production makes bone marrow cells highly vulnerable to chemotherapy, leading to a decrease in white blood cell production.
The Risks of Low White Blood Cell Counts
A low white blood cell count, particularly a reduction in neutrophils, is known as neutropenia and poses considerable health risks. With fewer neutrophils, the body’s immune system becomes compromised, making individuals more susceptible to infections. These infections can range from bacterial to fungal and viral. Even minor infections can quickly become serious or life-threatening. Patients must closely monitor for symptoms like fever, chills, sore throat, or unusual pain, as prompt medical attention is important.
Protecting Patients During Chemotherapy
Medical teams implement strategies to manage risks associated with chemotherapy-induced low white blood cell counts. Regular blood tests are performed to monitor cell counts, allowing healthcare providers to track neutrophil levels and detect neutropenia early. Growth factors, specifically granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs), are often administered to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. These medications help shorten the duration and severity of neutropenia, reducing the risk of serious infections.
Patients also receive detailed instructions on infection prevention practices. This includes rigorous hand hygiene, avoiding crowded places, and maintaining distance from individuals who are sick. They are also educated on reporting any signs of infection, such as fever, immediately to their healthcare team. These proactive measures, combined with medical interventions, are important for safeguarding patients’ health throughout their chemotherapy treatment.