A single broccoli plant can produce more than one head. After the large, central head is harvested, the plant typically generates multiple smaller heads from the sides of its main stem. The broccoli “head” is the dense cluster of immature flower buds, or the inflorescence, which is the part most commonly consumed. Providing simple care allows a single plant to provide a continuous harvest for weeks.
The Primary Harvest
Harvesting the main, central head at the correct time triggers subsequent production. The ideal time to cut is when the head is fully formed, tight, and deep green, but before the buds show any yellowing or loosening. Yellow is a sign the plant is about to flower, which causes the taste to become bitter and the texture woody.
Use a sharp knife or shears to slice the main stem several inches below the head, leaving a tall stalk with plenty of leaves attached. Leaving the stem and surrounding leaves is important for the plant’s recovery and continued energy production. This action prompts the plant to redirect growth hormones toward the dormant buds lower down the stem.
Secondary Growth and Side Shoot Formation
The plant’s ability to produce multiple heads is governed by apical dominance. This is the process where the main growing tip produces the hormone auxin, which travels down the stem. Auxin actively suppresses the growth of lateral buds located along the main stalk.
Removing the central head effectively removes the primary source of auxin, thus breaking apical dominance. With the inhibitory signal gone, the dormant lateral buds are activated, and the plant redirects its energy to these new growth points. This results in the development of several smaller side shoots, or “sprouting broccoli,” that emerge below the initial cut. These secondary heads are smaller than the original main head, but they provide a prolonged harvest.
Encouraging Continuous Production
To maximize the yield of secondary side shoots, the plant requires consistent support after the initial harvest. Broccoli is a heavy feeder, and the energy expended to grow new shoots demands continued nutrient availability. Regular watering is important, as dry soil can stress the plant and cause new buds to “bolt” into flower.
Side-dressing with a nitrogen-rich fertilizer supports the production of new leaves and stems, which fuels the new heads. Apply a granular fertilizer or a liquid feed around the base of the plant every two to three weeks after the main harvest. Removing any yellowing or damaged leaves helps the plant focus resources on developing the new shoots. Varieties such as ‘Di Cicco’ or ‘Calabrese’ are excellent choices for a continuous, “cut-and-come-again” harvest.