Aspirin is a widely available over-the-counter medication often used for various aches and pains. It is a common choice for headache relief, and it can be effective for many types of headaches, including tension headaches and migraines. This medication, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, has been used for over a century to reduce pain and inflammation. While safe for most adults, understanding how it works and when it might not be suitable is important for effective and safe use.
How Aspirin Relieves Headache Pain
Aspirin functions as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Its primary mechanism involves blocking certain enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2). These enzymes are responsible for producing prostaglandins, which are hormone-like chemicals that play a role in pain, inflammation, and fever.
By inhibiting the COX enzymes, aspirin reduces the production of these pain- and inflammation-causing prostaglandins. This action lessens the intensity of headache pain and can also reduce inflammation, especially in migraines. This dual action of pain relief and inflammation reduction makes aspirin a versatile medication for various types of pain.
Taking Aspirin Safely and Effectively
For adults experiencing a typical headache, a recommended dose of aspirin is between 325 milligrams (mg) and 650 mg, taken every three to four hours as needed. Do not exceed 4,000 mg (4 grams) within a 24-hour period. Higher doses, such as 900 mg to 1,300 mg, taken at the first sign of symptoms, are effective for acute migraine attacks.
To minimize potential stomach upset, take aspirin with food or a full glass of water. Always read and follow the instructions on the medication’s label, as dosages can vary between products. If headaches persist despite proper dosing, or if they worsen, seek medical attention.
When Aspirin Might Not Be Right
Aspirin is not suitable for everyone, and certain conditions or medications can make its use risky. Children and teenagers should avoid aspirin due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome, a rare but severe condition that can cause brain and liver damage, especially after viral infections like the flu or chickenpox. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen are safer alternatives for pain and fever in this age group.
Individuals with a history of bleeding disorders, stomach ulcers, or gastrointestinal bleeding should use with caution or avoid aspirin, as it can increase the risk of severe bleeding. Aspirin inhibits blood clotting, and combining it with other blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants, can increase the risk of bleeding.
People with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) may experience severe asthma attacks, nasal congestion, and bronchospasm when taking aspirin or other NSAIDs. This reaction can be life-threatening and occurs within minutes to hours after ingestion. Consulting a healthcare professional is recommended before taking aspirin if you have chronic health conditions or are on other medications, to ensure it is safe.