Ovarian cysts are common fluid-filled sacs that can develop on or inside an ovary. While many women may have them without realizing it, they can sometimes cause noticeable symptoms. Back pain is a frequent concern, and ovarian cysts can indeed be a contributing factor to this discomfort. This article explores the connection between ovarian cysts and back pain, their mechanisms, associated symptoms, and when to seek medical attention.
Ovarian Cysts and Back Pain
The type and intensity of pain from ovarian cysts can vary depending on their size and characteristics. Many ovarian cysts are small and do not produce any symptoms, often resolving on their own within a few menstrual cycles. These are frequently “functional cysts,” a normal part of the menstrual cycle, forming when a follicle grows but does not release an egg, or when the sac that contained a released egg does not shrink as expected.
However, if a cyst grows larger, it can begin to cause discomfort, including a dull ache in the lower back. Studies suggest that lower back pain from an ovarian cyst is more common than previously thought, affecting nearly half of women with symptomatic cysts. This pain may be felt in the lower back and sometimes extend to the upper thighs.
How Ovarian Cysts Cause Back Pain
Ovarian cysts can lead to back pain through several physiological mechanisms. One common way is through direct pressure. As a cyst grows, especially if large, it can press on nearby organs, nerves, or tissues within the pelvic cavity, including those that refer pain to the lower back. This pressure can result in a persistent, dull, or aching sensation.
Another mechanism involves cyst rupture. If an ovarian cyst breaks open, it can release fluid and sometimes blood into the abdominal cavity. This spilled content can irritate the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity, leading to sharp, sudden pain that can radiate from the lower abdomen to the back. The intensity of this pain can range from a dull ache to severe discomfort depending on the amount of fluid released and the resulting irritation.
Ovarian torsion, the twisting of the ovary on its supporting stalk, is a more acute cause of pain. If a cyst becomes large, it can change the ovary’s shape or position, increasing the risk of twisting. This twisting cuts off the blood supply to the ovary, causing severe, acute pain felt in both the abdomen and the back. This condition requires immediate medical attention due to potential damage to the ovary. Additionally, some cysts can cause localized inflammation, contributing to pain that extends to the back or pelvic area.
Other Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts
Beyond back pain, ovarian cysts can manifest through a variety of other symptoms. Many women experience pelvic pain or pressure, which can be a dull ache or a sharp pain, often localized to one side of the lower abdomen. This discomfort may also include a feeling of fullness or heaviness in the abdomen. Abdominal bloating or swelling is another common symptom, which can be more pronounced on the side where the cyst is located.
Cysts can also interfere with normal bodily functions. Pressure from a cyst on the bladder can lead to frequent urination or difficulty fully emptying the bladder. Similarly, pressure on the bowel can cause constipation or changes in bowel habits. Some women report pain during sexual intercourse, as the cyst can be affected by movement.
Less commonly, ovarian cysts may lead to abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as heavier or irregular periods. Nausea and vomiting can also occur, especially if a cyst ruptures or causes ovarian torsion.
When to Seek Medical Attention
It is important to seek medical evaluation if you experience persistent or severe symptoms that might be related to an ovarian cyst. While many cysts are harmless and resolve on their own, certain signs warrant immediate medical attention. Sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, especially if accompanied by back pain, should prompt an urgent visit to a healthcare professional.
Other red flags include pain with fever or vomiting, which could indicate a ruptured cyst or infection. Dizziness, weakness, or fainting are serious symptoms that might suggest internal bleeding, particularly following a cyst rupture. Rapid breathing is another sign that requires prompt medical assessment.
Any pain that worsens, does not improve, or any new, concerning symptoms, especially if you are past menopause, should be discussed with a doctor. A medical professional can accurately diagnose the cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment.