A sinus infection, or sinusitis, occurs when the tissues lining the sinus cavities become inflamed or swollen. These air-filled spaces are located within the bones of the face. While commonly associated with nasal congestion and facial pressure, sinus infections can lead to discomfort or pain in and around the eyes.
How Sinus Infections Cause Eye Pain
Sinus infections can cause eye pain due to the close anatomical relationship between the sinus cavities and the eyes. Several sinuses, including the frontal (above the eyes), ethmoid (between the eyes), and sphenoid (behind the eyes), are in direct proximity to the orbital region. When these sinus linings become inflamed, they can swell and block normal mucus drainage. This blockage leads to pressure buildup within the sinuses.
This pressure can exert force on surrounding structures, including the eye sockets and delicate nerves. Pressure on branches of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to the face and eyes, can contribute to eye pain. Swelling in the ethmoid or sphenoid sinuses can directly impact tissues and nerves near the eyes, leading to referred pain.
Identifying Sinus-Related Eye Pain
Eye pain from a sinus infection often has specific characteristics. Individuals might experience a dull ache, throbbing, or pressure behind or around the eyes. This discomfort can intensify with head movements, such as bending forward or lying down. The pain may be localized above the eyebrows, between the eyes, or beneath the eyes, depending on which sinus cavities are most affected.
Accompanying symptoms often indicate a sinus-related cause. These include facial pressure or tenderness, particularly across the forehead, cheeks, and nose. Nasal congestion, a runny nose with thick or discolored mucus, and post-nasal drip are common. Headaches (sometimes in the forehead or temples), fatigue, and a low-grade fever may also be present.
When to Seek Medical Attention and Treatment
While many sinus infections resolve on their own, consult a healthcare professional if eye pain is a prominent symptom. Seek immediate medical attention for severe eye pain, any changes in vision such as blurred or double vision, or if an eye appears to bulge or is difficult to move. High fever, severe facial pain, redness or swelling around the eyes that worsens, or symptoms that do not improve after several days of home care are also reasons to see a doctor. These signs could indicate a more serious complication, such as the infection spreading to the eye socket or brain.
Treatment for sinus infections aims to reduce inflammation, clear congestion, and address any underlying infection. Over-the-counter options include pain relievers and decongestants to reduce swelling and improve drainage. Saline nasal sprays or irrigation can help thin mucus and flush out irritants. If a bacterial infection is suspected, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics, such as amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate. Many sinus infections are viral and do not require antibiotics; a healthcare provider can accurately diagnose the cause and recommend the most appropriate course of action.