A mammogram is a specialized X-ray that creates images of the breast, primarily used for detecting changes in breast tissue. This imaging tool can identify subtle alterations, such as lumps or tiny calcium deposits called microcalcifications, often before they are large enough to be felt. Its main purpose is the early detection of breast cancer, which can improve treatment outcomes. Many wonder if a mammogram’s coverage includes the armpit area.
Understanding Mammogram Coverage
A standard mammogram, whether for screening or diagnostic purposes, aims to image as much breast tissue as possible. This comprehensive imaging often extends into the armpit, also known as the axillary region. Breast tissue naturally stretches from the sternum across to the midaxillary line, not solely confined to the chest. Specific positioning is used to capture this extensive tissue.
During the procedure, the breast is carefully positioned and compressed between two plates of the mammography machine. This compression spreads out the tissue, allowing for clearer images with a lower radiation dose. Two primary views are captured: the craniocaudal (CC) and the mediolateral oblique (MLO). While the CC view captures most breast tissue, it generally excludes the far lateral and axillary tail portions. The MLO view is particularly effective in capturing tissue extending into the armpit, including the pectoralis muscle, ensuring a more complete image.
The MLO projection is often described as the only view that can demonstrate all breast tissue on a single image. Sometimes, an exaggerated craniocaudal (XCCL) view may be taken to specifically evaluate the lateral tissue, including the axillary tail.
Why the Armpit Area Matters
The inclusion of the armpit area in mammographic imaging is important due to its anatomical and clinical significance. The axilla contains a network of lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the body’s lymphatic system. These lymph nodes play a role in the immune system and are significant because breast cancer can spread to them. The presence of cancer cells in the axillary lymph nodes is a factor in determining the stage and prognosis of breast cancer.
Beyond lymph nodes, the breast tissue itself naturally extends into the armpit, forming a structure known as the axillary tail of Spence. This normal extension of glandular tissue can be a site for breast changes or the development of cancer. Additionally, some individuals may have accessory breast tissue in the axilla, which is a normal developmental variant where breast tissue is present outside the main breast area. This accessory tissue can also be a site for the same types of changes and diseases that affect the main breast. Imaging this area helps provide a comprehensive assessment of breast health.
When Further Evaluation is Needed
If a mammogram reveals an abnormality in the armpit area, further evaluation is often recommended. It is important to note that many abnormal findings on a mammogram are not cancerous and can be due to benign conditions like cysts or dense breast tissue. However, additional tests are necessary to clarify any suspicious finding.
Common follow-up procedures include a diagnostic mammogram, which involves taking more targeted images. A breast ultrasound is frequently used to further assess findings in the armpit. This imaging technique can help differentiate between a fluid-filled cyst and a solid mass, and is effective for evaluating lymph nodes. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may also be utilized for high-risk individuals or to gain more detailed information about a breast mass or enlarged lymph nodes.
A clinical breast exam performed by a healthcare provider can also help assess any palpable lumps or enlarged lymph nodes in the armpit. If, after these additional imaging studies, a finding remains suspicious, a biopsy may be recommended. A biopsy involves removing a small tissue sample for microscopic examination to determine if cancer cells are present.