The question of whether men stop ejaculating as they age is common, often stemming from noticeable changes in sexual function over time. Complete cessation of the physical process is rare outside of specific medical conditions, but the experience of ejaculation undergoes significant alteration. These changes are rooted in normal, gradual physiological processes affecting the male reproductive system. Understanding the biological mechanisms behind these shifts provides clarity on why the experience evolves.
The Mechanics of Ejaculation
Ejaculation is a reflex action controlled by the nervous system that occurs in two distinct, coordinated phases. The process begins with the emission phase, where the components of semen are gathered and mixed. Sperm travels from the epididymis through the vas deferens, combining with fluids from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland in the urethra.
This is followed by the expulsion phase, where the mixed semen is forcefully discharged from the body. Rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis, particularly the bulbospongiosus muscle, propel the semen outward. For normal ejaculation, the bladder neck must simultaneously close, ensuring the semen travels forward through the urethra and not backward into the bladder.
Age-Related Changes in Ejaculatory Volume and Force
One of the most noticeable physical changes men experience with age is a reduction in the volume of semen produced. This decrease is largely attributed to the accessory glands, particularly the seminal vesicles and the prostate, which produce the majority of the fluid component. The cells lining these glands can become less active over time, leading to a diminished fluid output.
Research indicates that men over the age of 50 may produce significantly less fluid than younger men. This reduction in volume often contributes to a less intense physical sensation during orgasm. The force or velocity of the expulsion also tends to decrease as the pelvic floor muscles, including the bulbospongiosus, gradually weaken. This weakening results in less vigorous contractions that propel the semen out of the urethra.
Understanding Retrograde Ejaculation
The perception that ejaculation has “stopped” is frequently caused by retrograde ejaculation. This occurs when the muscular valve at the neck of the bladder fails to close during the emission phase of the reflex. Because the path of least resistance is open, the semen travels backward into the bladder instead of moving forward out of the penis.
While the man still experiences the physical and neurological sensation of orgasm, little to no fluid exits the body, leading to a “dry orgasm.” This condition is not harmful, as the semen is simply passed out of the body later when the man urinates. Retrograde ejaculation is commonly a side effect of certain medications, such as those used to treat high blood pressure, or a result of nerve damage from conditions like uncontrolled diabetes. It is also an expected outcome following specific prostate surgeries, such as a transurethral resection of the prostate.
Hormonal Shifts and Extended Recovery Time
Underlying the physical changes are systemic alterations, primarily the gradual decline in sex hormones. Testosterone levels in men begin a slow, progressive decline starting around age 20. This gradual reduction can affect multiple aspects of sexual function, including the maintenance of libido and the overall production of seminal fluid.
The most universal change related to function is the significant lengthening of the refractory period. This is the time required between one ejaculation and the ability to achieve the next erection and orgasm. In younger men, this recovery time may be only minutes, but it can extend to several hours or even a full day in older individuals. This extension is thought to be due to changes in the sensitivity of neurotransmitters in the nervous system that regulate the return to an aroused state.