The human body is remarkably adaptable, and the answer to whether a person can live with only one lung is a definitive yes. This procedure, known as a pneumonectomy, involves the complete removal of one lung when it is diseased or damaged and poses a greater threat than its absence. Although total lung capacity is significantly reduced, the remaining healthy lung adjusts, allowing for the continuation of life through gas exchange.
Why One Lung is Sometimes Removed
The decision to perform a pneumonectomy is made only when less extensive surgeries, such as removing a single lobe, cannot solve the problem. The most frequent reason for this procedure is to treat non-small cell lung cancer, especially when the tumor is large, centrally located, or has spread throughout the lung.
The procedure is also necessary for certain severe, non-cancerous conditions where the lung tissue is irreversibly destroyed. These conditions include massive trauma, extensive infections like advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, or severe fungal infections. In these cases, the damaged lung can no longer function and may become a constant source of infection or bleeding, making its removal a life-saving measure.
How the Body Compensates for Reduced Capacity
The body initiates physiological adjustments to manage the loss of an entire lung. The remaining lung undergoes hyperinflation, physically expanding into the empty space left in the chest cavity. This expansion helps to increase the total volume available for breathing.
The remaining lung’s blood supply, which previously served both lungs, is almost doubled, effectively increasing the perfusion per unit of lung tissue. This greater blood flow contributes significantly to the overall functional recovery. Furthermore, the diaphragm and the chest wall on the side of the removed lung reposition, which helps optimize the new space and ensures the remaining lung operates efficiently. Because of these adjustments, the body can maintain normal oxygen saturation at rest, despite the reduced mechanical capacity.
Life Quality and Capacity with One Lung
Individuals who have undergone a pneumonectomy can generally lead full and active lives, but they must adapt to a lower limit of physical exertion. The maximum rate at which the body can consume oxygen during exercise is reduced compared to an individual with two healthy lungs. This limitation means that high-intensity activities, such as competitive running or heavy manual labor, can become challenging and may cause shortness of breath.
To maintain optimal function, lifestyle changes are important, including avoiding smoking and staying up-to-date with vaccinations to protect the single lung from infection. Pulmonary rehabilitation, which focuses on specialized breathing exercises and physical conditioning, can also help individuals maximize the capacity of their remaining lung.