Many individuals experiencing COVID-19 find that their desire to eat changes, often leading to a reduced or complete loss of appetite. Understanding why this happens and how to manage it can support recovery and overall well-being, as maintaining adequate nutrition can be challenging.
Why COVID Affects Your Appetite
When the SARS-CoV-2 virus infects the body, it triggers an immune response that involves the release of small proteins called cytokines. Elevated levels of these cytokines can lead to appetite suppression, causing a reduced interest in food.
A distinct symptom of COVID-19 is the alteration or loss of the senses of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia). These sensory changes directly impact the enjoyment of food, as meals may become less appealing or lose their familiar flavors entirely. Some studies indicate that up to 50% of patients experience a loss of appetite.
Beyond sensory disruptions, other common COVID-19 symptoms can make eating difficult or unappealing. These include a sore throat, general fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The virus can directly affect cells lining the digestive tract, causing inflammation and gastrointestinal issues that reduce the desire to eat. Certain medications used to treat COVID-19, such as steroids, may also contribute to appetite loss as a side effect.
Tips for Eating and Staying Hydrated
Focusing on small, frequent meals rather than large ones can be beneficial when appetite is low. Eating every two to three hours can help ensure a steady intake of nutrients without overwhelming the digestive system. Even a few mouthfuls at each meal and snack time can make a difference in maintaining energy levels. Gradually increasing the amount consumed each day is a good approach.
Prioritizing nutrient-dense, easy-to-digest foods is also helpful. Options like soups, smoothies, soft fruits, and bland foods such as plain chicken, fish, or rice are often better tolerated. Adding calorie and protein-rich ingredients like nuts, cheese, Greek yogurt, or peanut butter to meals and snacks can boost nutritional intake.
Staying well-hydrated is just as important as eating, especially since fever can increase fluid loss. Aim to drink 8 to 12 eight-ounce glasses of fluid daily, taking frequent small sips every few minutes. Water, clear fruit juices, broths, and electrolyte drinks are good choices to replace fluids and minerals lost through sweating or other symptoms.
Managing changes in taste and smell requires adaptability. Experiment with different food temperatures, as cold foods may have less intense flavors that are easier to tolerate. Trying new foods or flavors, and using herbs, spices, or even a little sugar or salt, can help stimulate the palate. If a metallic taste is present, using plastic or wooden cutlery might make eating more comfortable.
When to Consult a Doctor
While some appetite loss is common with COVID-19, certain signs warrant medical attention. One such sign is significant or rapid weight loss, especially if it exceeds 5% of your body weight within a few months. Unintended weight loss indicates that the body is losing fluids, fat, and muscle, which can hinder recovery.
Signs of severe dehydration also indicate a need for professional medical advice. These can include dizziness, confusion, reduced urination, dry mouth, or an increased heart rate. If you are unable to keep down fluids or food due to persistent nausea or vomiting, this can quickly lead to dehydration and requires medical evaluation.
Appetite loss that persists for an unusually long time after other COVID-19 symptoms have resolved should also be discussed with a healthcare provider. While appetite can be diminished for a week or two, prolonged issues may require further assessment. Worsening of underlying health conditions due to poor nutrition, or any new concerning symptoms, also signals a need to consult a doctor.