Yeast infections are common, with an estimated 75% of women experiencing one in their lifetime. They are particularly frequent during pregnancy. This article provides information on why these infections are more prevalent in expectant mothers, how to recognize symptoms, safe treatment options, and prevention strategies.
Why Pregnancy Increases Susceptibility
Pregnancy introduces significant physiological changes that make individuals more prone to yeast infections. Elevated levels of estrogen, a hormone that increases substantially during pregnancy, play a role in this increased susceptibility. This hormonal shift alters the vaginal environment, leading to an increase in glycogen production within the vaginal lining. Glycogen serves as a food source for yeast, creating a more favorable condition for its overgrowth.
The immune system also undergoes natural suppression during pregnancy to prevent the mother’s body from rejecting the developing fetus. This weakened immune response can reduce the body’s ability to control yeast populations, contributing to an imbalance. Pregnancy often results in increased vaginal discharge, which creates a warm, moist environment conducive to yeast proliferation. These combined factors make it challenging for the body to maintain the delicate balance of microorganisms in the vagina.
Recognizing Symptoms
Recognizing yeast infection signs aids prompt management. Common symptoms include intense vaginal itching, burning, and soreness. Individuals may also notice redness or swelling of the vulva. A characteristic symptom is a change in vaginal discharge, often described as thick, white, and resembling cottage cheese.
The discharge might have a mild, bread-like or yeasty odor, though it is usually odorless. Discomfort or pain during urination or sexual intercourse can also occur. Some symptoms can overlap with other common pregnancy discomforts or vaginal infections, such as bacterial vaginosis or sexually transmitted infections. This underscores the need for a proper diagnosis from a healthcare provider.
Safe Treatment Approaches
When treating a yeast infection during pregnancy, use methods safe for both the mother and baby. Over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal creams or suppositories are recommended. Medications like miconazole and clotrimazole are safe for use during pregnancy and are available in seven-day formulas, which healthcare professionals may suggest for better efficacy. These topical treatments do not cause birth defects or other pregnancy complications.
Consult a healthcare provider before using any medication, including OTC options. Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, are advised against during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, due to risks to the pregnancy. Self-diagnosis and treatment without medical advice are not advised during pregnancy, as symptoms can be similar to other conditions that require different management.
Preventing Recurrence
Implementing certain practices can reduce the likelihood of developing or recurring yeast infections during pregnancy. Wearing breathable cotton underwear is recommended, as it keeps the genital area dry and discourages yeast growth. Avoiding tight-fitting clothing made from synthetic fabrics promotes better air circulation. Promptly changing out of wet swimsuits or sweaty workout clothes prevents a moist environment where yeast can thrive.
Practicing good hygiene, such as wiping from front to back after using the restroom, prevents the spread of yeast from the anus to the vagina. Avoid irritating feminine products, including douches and scented soaps or sprays, which can disrupt the natural balance of vaginal flora. Some dietary considerations, such as including yogurt with live cultures or limiting excessive sugar intake, can be helpful, as yeast feeds on sugar.
Potential Impact on Pregnancy and Baby
Vaginal yeast infections during pregnancy are not considered harmful to the developing baby or the overall pregnancy. These infections do not cause birth defects, miscarriage, or preterm labor. They are localized to the vaginal area and do not affect the fetus directly.
While rare, there is a possibility that if the infection is present during a vaginal delivery, the baby could contract thrush, a yeast infection in the mouth. Thrush manifests as white lesions in the baby’s mouth and can also affect other areas like fingernails or skin folds. This condition is treatable with antifungal medication, such as nystatin. Treating the mother’s yeast infection is important for her comfort and to minimize any rare complications for the newborn.