While the prostate gland is widely recognized as a male reproductive organ, women possess anatomically and functionally comparable structures known as the paraurethral glands, or Skene’s glands. These glands are considered homologous to the male prostate, sharing developmental origins and some physiological roles. This distinction clarifies a common misconception.
Understanding the Paraurethral Glands
The paraurethral glands, also known as Skene’s glands, are homologous to the male prostate gland, developing from the same embryonic tissues. They were named after Scottish gynecologist Alexander Skene, who brought them to prominence in 1880. In 2002, the term “female prostate” was officially added as a secondary anatomical term in Terminologia Histologica, acknowledging their morphological and immunological significance. These glands share characteristics with the male prostate, including the production of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase, substances also found in male prostatic fluid.
Where Are These Glands and What Do They Do?
The paraurethral glands are situated around the urethra in women, within the vestibule of the vulva. Their ducts lead to small openings near the urethral meatus. Each gland is typically small, about the size of a pea, and consists of mucous glands and tubules surrounded by smooth muscle. These glands secrete a fluid that contributes to lubrication, particularly during sexual arousal and intercourse.
The fluid produced by the paraurethral glands is a milk-like ultrafiltrate of blood plasma. Researchers believe these glands may be a source of female ejaculate, a transparent fluid expelled during orgasm in some women. The fluid also contains glucose and fructose, and is thought to possess antimicrobial properties that may help protect against urinary tract infections.
Common Conditions Affecting the Glands
Skene’s Gland Cysts
Skene’s gland cysts are a common issue, forming when the ducts become blocked, leading to fluid buildup. While small cysts may be asymptomatic, larger ones can cause a movable lump, pain during urination or sexual activity, frequent urinary tract infections, or difficulty emptying the bladder. Asymptomatic cysts may not require treatment, but symptomatic ones might be drained or surgically removed, sometimes through marsupialization, which creates a permanent opening for drainage.
Infections
Infections, known as Skene’s gland adenitis or abscesses, can also occur. These are often caused by bacteria, including those responsible for sexually transmitted infections or urinary tract infections. Symptoms include inflammation, localized pain and tenderness near the urethral opening, painful urination, and discomfort during sexual intercourse. An abscess may also present with a visible mass or fever. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, and if an abscess forms, surgical drainage may be necessary.
Cancer
Although rare, Skene’s gland carcinoma, a type of female urethral adenocarcinoma, can develop in these glands. This cancer accounts for a very small percentage of female genital tract malignancies. Due to their homologous origin with the male prostate, these cancers can sometimes resemble prostatic adenocarcinoma and may lead to elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Symptoms can include a nodule, urinary issues, or pain. Treatment typically involves surgery, which may be followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy, depending on the stage and spread of the cancer.