A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract. A hallmark symptom of a UTI is a burning sensation during urination.
Why UTIs Cause Burning
The burning sensation associated with a UTI stems from inflammation and irritation within the urinary tract. Bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli) from the gastrointestinal tract, enter the urethra and can multiply, often reaching the bladder. As these bacteria establish an infection, they trigger an immune response, leading to inflammation of the lining of the bladder and urethra.
This inflammation causes the tissues to become red, swollen, and highly sensitive. When urine, which is naturally acidic, passes over these irritated and inflamed tissues, it can cause a sharp, stinging, or burning pain. The irritation also leads to a constant feeling of needing to urinate, even when the bladder is nearly empty, contributing to discomfort.
Other Signs of a UTI
Beyond the burning sensation, several other indicators can suggest a UTI. A persistent and strong urge to urinate, along with frequent urination in small amounts, is commonly experienced. The urine itself may appear cloudy or have a strong, unpleasant odor. In some cases, blood may be visible in the urine, giving it a red, pink, or cola-colored appearance.
Individuals might also experience pressure or pain in the pelvic area or lower abdominal discomfort. Men may experience pain in the penis. Although less common, a UTI can also lead to a general feeling of fatigue. Symptoms can vary in intensity and may not always include painful urination.
When to See a Doctor
Seek medical attention if you suspect a UTI, as these infections typically require treatment with antibiotics. Delaying treatment can lead to the infection spreading from the bladder to the kidneys, which can result in more serious health complications. Immediate medical attention is necessary if you develop symptoms such as fever, chills, back pain, or nausea and vomiting, as these can indicate a kidney infection.
Untreated kidney infections can potentially lead to permanent kidney damage or a life-threatening condition called sepsis. Additionally, if symptoms worsen rapidly, do not improve within 48 hours of self-care, or if you experience recurrent UTIs, a doctor’s visit is advised.
Managing Discomfort and Preventing UTIs
While awaiting medical treatment, several measures can help manage the discomfort of a UTI. Drinking plenty of water is beneficial, as it helps to dilute the urine and flush bacteria out of the urinary tract. Avoiding bladder irritants such as coffee, alcohol, and soft drinks with citrus juices or caffeine can also help reduce irritation. Applying a warm compress or heating pad to the lower abdomen can provide relief from bladder pressure and pain.
Preventing UTIs involves adopting specific hygiene practices and lifestyle habits. Wiping from front to back after using the toilet is important to prevent bacteria from the anal region from spreading to the urethra. Urinating as soon as possible after sexual activity helps to flush out any bacteria that may have entered the urethra. Drinking sufficient fluids throughout the day also helps prevent bacteria from multiplying in the bladder.