Terpenes are a diverse group of organic compounds found naturally in many plants. They are responsible for the distinct aromas and flavors of various fruits, flowers, and herbs, including pine, citrus, and lavender. These molecules are primary components of essential oils and play roles in nature such as attracting pollinators and defending plants against predators.
Terpenes and Psychoactivity
Terpenes do not produce a psychoactive “high” or intoxicating effect like cannabinoids such as THC. Unlike THC, terpenes do not directly bind to the brain’s primary cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) in a way that induces euphoria or altered perception. The psychoactive effects of cannabis, including altered perception and mood changes, are primarily due to THC. While some terpenes may have subtle effects on brain function or mood, they do not cause the intoxicating “high” that THC does.
Terpenes are distinct from cannabinoids, even though both are produced by the cannabis plant. Their aromatic and flavor contributions are separate from any intoxicating effects. Consuming terpenes in isolation, such as through essential oils, will not result in a psychoactive experience.
The Entourage Effect
The “entourage effect” describes how terpenes, while not intoxicating, interact with cannabinoids and other cannabis compounds to modulate their overall effects. This interaction can influence the user’s experience, potentially enhancing or diminishing certain effects or contributing to the unique characteristics of different cannabis strains. Terpenes may influence how cannabinoids bind to receptors in the endocannabinoid system, a complex network regulating various bodily processes.
This synergistic relationship means the combined action of terpenes and cannabinoids can lead to enhanced effects compared to using a single compound alone. For example, research suggests myrcene might increase cell membrane permeability, allowing cannabinoids to be absorbed more effectively into the brain. This interaction is an indirect influence on the overall experience, not a direct cause of intoxication.
Beyond Psychoactivity: Terpene Effects
Terpenes possess a range of non-psychoactive biological effects and potential benefits beyond their role in the entourage effect. They are found in various everyday products, including essential oils, food flavorings, and perfumes.
Myrcene: Common in mangoes and hops, associated with relaxing and sedating effects. It may also offer anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.
Limonene: Gives citrus fruits their scent, known for mood-enhancing effects and may help reduce stress and anxiety. It also exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
Pinene: Recognized by its fresh pine scent, found in pine trees and rosemary. It may promote alertness and focus, and research suggests it has anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, and anti-anxiety properties.
Linalool: With its floral, lavender-like aroma, often associated with calming and relaxing effects. It has been studied for its anxiolytic, sedative, and pain-relieving qualities.
Beta-caryophyllene: Has a spicy, peppery aroma and is unique among terpenes because it can directly interact with CB2 cannabinoid receptors, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects.