Terpenes are aromatic organic compounds found in a wide variety of plants, contributing to their distinct scents and flavors. They are present in everything from citrus fruits and pine trees to lavender and black pepper. A common question, especially regarding cannabis, is whether terpenes produce a “high” similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This article clarifies that distinction.
Understanding Terpenes
Terpenes are a large and diverse class of natural products, chemically classified as hydrocarbons. They are formed from repeating five-carbon isoprene units, acting as fundamental building blocks for their varied structures. Over 30,000 different terpenes have been identified, predominantly produced by plants.
Beyond contributing to aromas and flavors, terpenes serve important biological functions. They attract pollinators, which is vital for plant reproduction. Terpenes also act as a natural defense mechanism, deterring predators and protecting plants against environmental stressors like UV radiation.
Do Terpenes Cause Psychoactive Effects?
Terpenes do not produce the intoxicating “high” characteristic of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis. While they can affect the brain and influence mood or alertness, their impact is subtle and does not significantly alter perception or cognition that defines a psychoactive high.
While some terpenes interact with the brain, they are not intoxicating and do not induce the euphoric or mind-altering effects of THC. Their presence in everyday foods and essential oils further illustrates they do not cause intoxication.
How Terpenes Shape Experience
Terpenes interact with cannabinoids, such as THC and cannabidiol (CBD), and other plant compounds in a synergistic manner, known as the “entourage effect.” This means their combined effect can be greater than the sum of their individual parts. They influence the overall experience by modulating cannabinoid effects.
They can enhance, diminish, or alter the onset, duration, and quality of cannabinoid effects without being psychoactive. For instance, some terpenes may increase cell membrane permeability, potentially allowing THC to enter the brain more efficiently or influencing cannabinoid interaction with the endocannabinoid system. This interaction contributes to the diverse effects experienced from different plant varieties, even those with similar cannabinoid profiles.
Common Terpenes and Their Properties
Myrcene is a common terpene found in cannabis, mangoes, and hops, characterized by an earthy, musky, and sometimes fruity aroma. It is associated with sedative and relaxing properties, and some research suggests it may enhance THC effects. Myrcene may also contribute to muscle relaxation and pain relief.
Limonene, with its distinct citrusy aroma, is abundant in citrus fruit peels. This terpene is linked to mood elevation, stress relief, and uplifting effects. It has also been explored for its potential anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety properties.
Pinene, recognized by its fresh pine scent, is present in pine trees, rosemary, and basil. It is associated with promoting alertness, focus, and memory retention, potentially counteracting some cognitive impairment from THC. Pinene also exhibits potential anti-inflammatory benefits.
Caryophyllene, also known as beta-caryophyllene, offers a spicy and peppery aroma, found in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon. This terpene is unique as it can directly interact with CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. It can also provide a relaxing and stress-relieving sensation.
Linalool, characterized by its floral and lavender-like scent, is found in lavender and other plants. It is associated with calming and relaxing effects, explored for its potential to reduce anxiety and aid in sleep. Linalool may also possess analgesic properties.