While a common belief suggests teeth grow throughout adulthood, permanent teeth do not increase in physical size once fully emerged. The perception of changing tooth size often stems from natural processes affecting their appearance and surrounding oral structures. This article explains why teeth do not grow and what changes actually occur with age.
Understanding Tooth Development and Size
Teeth develop through a complex biological process known as odontogenesis, beginning even before birth. Each tooth forms from specialized cells that lay down the hard tissues: enamel, dentin, and cementum. Enamel, the outermost layer of the tooth crown, is the hardest substance in the human body and is non-living, meaning it cannot grow or repair itself.
Below the enamel lies dentin, a bone-like tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth, surrounding the innermost pulp chamber which contains nerves and blood vessels. Once a permanent tooth erupts and its root development is complete, its physical dimensions are established. Unlike other body tissues, the permanent tooth crown does not undergo further growth.
Primary, or “baby,” teeth are eventually replaced by permanent teeth, which are naturally larger and more numerous. This transition can sometimes contribute to the misconception of ongoing tooth growth, as the larger permanent teeth emerge. However, once a permanent tooth is fully formed and erupted, its size remains fixed.
What Really Changes About Teeth With Age
While the actual size of permanent teeth remains constant, several factors can alter their appearance over decades, leading to the impression of growth or shrinkage. One significant change is enamel wear, which occurs naturally from chewing, grinding, and clenching. Over many years, this constant friction can gradually wear down the biting surfaces and edges of teeth, making them appear shorter or flatter.
Another common age-related change is gum recession, where the gum tissue pulls back from the tooth surface. This exposes more of the tooth root. As more of the root becomes visible, the tooth can appear longer than it once did, even though its crown has not changed in size. This can also lead to increased tooth sensitivity.
Teeth can also shift or crowd in the jaw over time, subtly altering their alignment and spacing. This movement can be influenced by factors such as changes in bone density or tooth loss. Such shifts can affect how teeth align and how much of their surface is visible, contributing to a perceived change in their overall size or arrangement. Additionally, teeth can accumulate stains from food, beverages, and tobacco over time, leading to discoloration that changes their overall appearance.
Caring for Your Aging Teeth
Maintaining good oral hygiene becomes increasingly important as teeth age and undergo natural changes. Consistent brushing at least twice a day and flossing daily helps remove plaque and food particles, preventing decay and gum disease. Using a fluoride toothpaste can also help strengthen enamel and protect against wear.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are also important for addressing age-related concerns. Dentists can monitor for signs of gum recession, enamel wear, or tooth shifting, offering interventions like fluoride treatments, sealants, or nightguards for grinding. Early detection of issues can prevent more significant problems from developing.
Dietary considerations also play a role in the long-term health of teeth. Limiting the consumption of sugary and acidic foods and beverages can help reduce the risk of enamel erosion and decay. Drinking plenty of water helps rinse away food particles and maintains saliva flow, which is important for neutralizing acids and protecting teeth.