Steroids are powerful medications known for physical changes, but their influence on mood is also a frequent concern. These substances can alter emotional states, with effects varying widely.
Understanding Different Steroids
The term “steroids” refers to two distinct categories of compounds with different uses and effects. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone. These are known for their ability to promote muscle growth and enhance athletic performance, and they are often misused outside of medical supervision. AAS are commonly taken in doses significantly higher than those used for medical conditions, sometimes 10 to 100 times greater.
In contrast, corticosteroids mimic cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. These medications are prescribed for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Corticosteroids treat a wide range of medical conditions, including asthma, allergies, autoimmune diseases like lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease. Unlike AAS, corticosteroids are used for therapeutic purposes under medical guidance.
How Steroids Influence Mood
Both anabolic-androgenic steroids and corticosteroids can affect mood through their interactions with the brain’s systems. Anabolic steroids, being synthetic testosterone, bind to hormone receptors throughout the brain. This interaction can influence neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which play roles in regulating mood, motivation, and reward pathways. Disruptions in these neurotransmitter systems can lead to altered emotional responses and behavioral changes.
Corticosteroids exert their influence by interacting with glucocorticoid receptors, particularly those found in brain regions involved in emotion regulation, such as the hippocampus and amygdala. They can disrupt the balance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is the body’s central stress response system. This disruption can lead to imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, contributing to mood disturbances. Prolonged exposure to corticosteroids can be associated with structural changes in these brain areas, further impacting emotional stability.
Spectrum of Mood Changes
Common Mood Changes
Mood changes associated with steroid use span a broad range. Irritability and aggression, often termed “roid rage,” are commonly linked with anabolic steroid misuse, though corticosteroids can also contribute to these feelings. Anxiety and restlessness are side effects with both types of steroids, manifesting as unease or nervousness.
Other Psychological Effects
Depression and low mood can also occur during steroid use or as withdrawal symptoms, sometimes persisting for a year after stopping the drug. Conversely, euphoria or manic symptoms are common with corticosteroids, though they can also be seen with anabolic steroids. Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, can exacerbate mood issues. In rare instances, psychiatric symptoms like psychosis, including delusions or hallucinations, can develop, especially with higher doses of corticosteroids.
Managing Mood Effects
The duration of steroid-induced mood changes can vary; some effects may subside as the dosage is reduced or discontinued, while others, withdrawal symptoms, might linger. Mood problems from corticosteroids often begin within the first few weeks of treatment and clear up when the medication is reduced or stopped. However, for some, especially with high doses or prolonged use, emotional effects can persist.
Awareness that steroids can affect mood is a first step in managing these changes. It is advisable to inform family and friends about mood shifts so they can offer understanding and support. Individuals should communicate any concerning mood changes to their healthcare provider. In some cases, adjusting the steroid dosage or tapering off the medication may be recommended. For mood issues, medical professionals might consider adding other medications or referring to mental health support.