Vertigo is a sensation of spinning, whirling, or tilting, where an individual feels as though they or their surroundings are moving when no actual movement occurs. This feeling of imbalance can significantly disrupt daily life. While many factors can cause vertigo, inner ear issues are frequently implicated. For certain types, corticosteroids (steroids) may offer a therapeutic option by addressing underlying inflammation.
Causes of Vertigo
Vertigo often arises from disruptions within the inner ear, which houses the vestibular system responsible for balance. Inflammatory conditions affecting these delicate structures can send erroneous signals to the brain, leading to the sensation of spinning. For instance, vestibular neuritis involves inflammation of the vestibular nerve, a crucial component that transmits balance information to the brain. Meniere’s disease is another condition characterized by episodes of vertigo alongside ringing in the ears, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness. This disorder is often linked to an abnormal fluid buildup within the inner ear, which can also interfere with balance signals.
How Steroids Work
Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory properties that can address certain types of vertigo. These drugs suppress the body’s immune response, reducing inflammatory chemicals. By inhibiting substances like prostaglandins, corticosteroids decrease swelling and inflammation in affected areas. In inner ear disorders, this alleviates pressure and improves signal transmission from the balance system. Reducing inflammation helps restore the normal function of the inner ear’s balance mechanisms, leading to a reduction in vertigo symptoms.
When Steroids Are Used
Steroids are used for specific vertigo conditions, particularly those driven by inflammation, such as vestibular neuritis, where corticosteroids are frequently prescribed to reduce inflammation of the vestibular nerve and promote quicker recovery of vestibular function. Early oral corticosteroid treatment in these cases has been shown to improve balance restoration. For individuals experiencing acute attacks of Meniere’s disease, corticosteroids can also reduce inflammation and help manage inner ear fluid pressure. In some situations, steroids may be delivered directly to the inner ear through intratympanic injections, providing a high drug concentration to the affected area while minimizing systemic side effects. However, steroids are not effective for all forms of vertigo, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, which stems from dislodged inner ear crystals rather than inflammation.
Side Effects and Considerations
While steroids can effectively treat specific vertigo conditions, it is important to be aware of potential side effects. Common short-term side effects of oral corticosteroids include:
Insomnia
Mood changes (e.g., irritability, anxiety)
Increased appetite
Fluid retention
Indigestion
Elevated blood sugar levels
Increased blood pressure
Although vertigo treatment with steroids is typically short-term, prolonged use of systemic corticosteroids carries risks like bone thinning or increased susceptibility to infections. Patients must strictly adhere to the prescribed dosage and duration. Abruptly stopping these medications can lead to withdrawal symptoms. Individuals should inform their healthcare provider about their complete medical history, all current medications, and any known allergies before beginning steroid therapy. Medical supervision is necessary throughout treatment to monitor for adverse effects and ensure appropriate therapy.