Many people commonly envision squirrels primarily as foragers of nuts, seeds, and various plant materials. These agile creatures are often observed burying acorns or nibbling on berries, leading to a general perception of their diet being exclusively plant-based. However, this common understanding only captures a portion of their dietary habits. A closer examination reveals a more varied and intricate approach to their nutrition.
Squirrels: More Than Just Nut-Eaters
Contrary to popular belief, squirrels are omnivores, meaning their diet encompasses both plant and animal matter. While nuts, seeds, fruits, and fungi constitute a significant part of their foraging, they also demonstrate an opportunistic nature. This adaptability allows them to thrive in diverse environments by utilizing a wide range of food sources for necessary nutrients.
Their diet includes acorns, walnuts, pecans, and hazelnuts, which provide essential fats and proteins for energy storage. They also consume fruits like apples, grapes, and various berries, offering hydration and energy. Fungi and mushrooms contribute important nutrients, serving as a reliable food source when other options are scarce. This diverse plant-based intake forms the foundation of their sustenance, but it is supplemented by other sources.
Specific Animal Protein Sources
Squirrels consume various animal protein sources. Insects like beetles, caterpillars, and larvae are common, providing a protein boost, particularly in spring and summer. These small invertebrates are an accessible and nutritious addition.
Beyond insects, squirrels raid bird nests for eggs and nestlings, which are valuable protein sources. They also eat small animals like mice, lizards, and young snakes, especially ground squirrel species. Recent studies on California ground squirrels show them hunting and consuming voles. Squirrels may also consume carrion, the remains of dead animals.
Reasons for Meat Consumption
Meat consumption by squirrels is driven by biological and environmental factors. Animal protein provides essential nutrients like protein, fats, and minerals, which are less abundant in a purely plant-based diet. Meat supplies amino acids and certain vitamins necessary for their health and bodily functions.
This dietary flexibility is important for pregnant or lactating females, whose nutritional requirements for protein and minerals increase to support offspring development. When plant-based foods are scarce, such as during harsh winters or droughts, squirrels become opportunistic, turning to animal matter to compensate for deficiencies. This allows them to utilize available food sources, ensuring survival when preferred foods are limited.