Foaming at the mouth can be a noticeable symptom during a seizure, which is a neurological event caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It’s important to understand why it occurs and that it is not a universal sign of all seizure types. Foaming is a specific manifestation tied to particular physiological processes during certain seizures.
Why Foaming Occurs During a Seizure
Foaming at the mouth during a seizure results from involuntary body responses. During some seizures, particularly generalized tonic-clonic seizures, the swallowing reflex can be impaired or lost, leading to excess saliva. Strong muscle contractions around the mouth and jaw, combined with forceful breathing, vigorously mix air with this pooled saliva. This aeration creates the frothy, bubbly appearance. If a person bites their tongue or cheek, blood may also mix with the foam, giving it a reddish tint.
Is Foaming Always Present?
Foaming at the mouth is not a symptom present in all seizure types. It is most commonly associated with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which involve the entire body, loss of consciousness, and rhythmic jerking movements. These seizures are characterized by both a stiffening (tonic) and a jerking (clonic) phase. Many other seizure types, such as absence, focal aware, or myoclonic seizures, do not present with this symptom. Therefore, the absence of foaming does not rule out a seizure.
Recognizing Other Seizure Signs
Since foaming at the mouth is not a universal indicator, recognizing a broader range of seizure signs is important. Seizures can manifest in various ways depending on the part of the brain affected. Common signs include sudden loss of consciousness, body stiffening, or rhythmic limb jerking. Other indicators might be more subtle, such as staring spells, confusion, or repetitive non-purposeful movements like lip smacking, chewing, or picking at clothing. Some individuals might experience unusual sensations, changes in mood, or even sudden unprovoked laughter or crying. Observing the full spectrum of a person’s behavior during such an event can help in recognizing a seizure.
What to Do During a Seizure
If you witness someone having a seizure, remain calm. Clear the area around the person to prevent injuries from sharp or hard objects, and gently place something soft, like a jacket, under their head for cushioning. Turn the person gently onto their side to help keep their airway clear and allow saliva to drain.
Do not attempt to hold the person down or restrain their movements, as this can cause injury. Never place anything in their mouth; objects can cause dental injuries or block the airway. Time the seizure if possible. Call emergency services immediately if it lasts longer than five minutes, if another seizure occurs soon after, if the person has trouble breathing or waking up, or if they are injured. Stay with the person until they are fully awake and aware after the seizure concludes.