Unlike most other deer species, both male and female reindeer grow antlers. This unique biological feature sets them apart within the deer family.
The Antlered Does of the North
Female reindeer, known as does, commonly grow antlers, a trait that differentiates them from nearly all other deer species where only males typically possess them. While most does will grow antlers, some very young or old females might not, and antler growth requires a significant energy investment. Female antlers are smaller and less branched than those of their male counterparts. Female antlers can range from 9 to 20 inches in length, whereas male antlers can reach 20 to 50 inches, with some even extending up to 51 inches.
Antler Growth and Shedding Cycle
Reindeer antlers are bone structures that undergo an annual cycle of growth and shedding. This process begins in the spring when new antlers emerge, covered in a soft, fuzzy skin layer called “velvet.” This velvet is rich in blood vessels and nerves, supplying the necessary nutrients for rapid growth. Once the antlers reach their full size, the velvet dries and is shed, revealing the hardened bone underneath.
The timing of antler shedding differs between sexes, influenced by hormonal changes. Male reindeer typically shed their antlers in late autumn or early winter, between November and December, after the mating season. Female reindeer, however, generally retain their antlers throughout the harsh winter months, shedding them later in late winter or early spring, around May, after giving birth to their calves.
The Functional Role of Reindeer Antlers
Reindeer antlers serve several important purposes, especially for females, aiding their survival in Arctic environments. One primary function is “cratering,” which involves using their antlers to dig through snow and ice to access vital food sources, such as lichen, buried beneath. This ability is important during winter when food is scarce, helping pregnant females and those with young maintain adequate nutrition.
Antlers also play a role in social interactions and defense. Female reindeer use their antlers to assert dominance and defend valuable feeding territories from other females, securing access to crucial food patches. Females with larger antlers have a higher social standing within the herd, leading to better access to resources. While running away is their primary defense against predators, antlers can also deter predators.