Rattlesnakes are present in Georgia. The state’s varied landscapes, from mountains to coastal plains, provide suitable environments for several species of these venomous snakes. Understanding their presence can contribute to safe coexistence.
Rattlesnake Species in Georgia
Georgia is home to three distinct rattlesnake species: the Eastern Diamondback, the Timber Rattlesnake (also known as the Canebrake Rattlesnake), and the Pygmy Rattlesnake. Each species possesses unique identifying features.
The Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) is the largest venomous snake in North America, typically ranging from 33 to 72 inches in length. Its heavy body is marked with dark brown, diamond-shaped blotches outlined by lighter bands. A distinctive dark band bordered by yellow or cream lines often covers its eyes.
Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus), often called Canebrake Rattlesnakes, typically measure 36 to 60 inches. Their coloration is variable, ranging from yellowish-brown to gray or nearly black, with dark chevron-shaped crossbands along their bodies. Eastern Georgia Timber Rattlesnakes may exhibit pinkish hues with a brown or orange stripe down the back, while those in western Georgia tend to be more brown or yellow. The tail is solid black, sometimes earning them the name “Velvet Tail.”
The Pygmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) is the smallest of the three, usually growing to 15 to 20 inches, with a maximum recorded length of 31 inches. Its body is gray or silver, adorned with distinct black or reddish-brown spots along the middle of its back, and smaller spots on its sides. Two subspecies found in Georgia, the Carolina pygmy rattlesnake and the dusky pygmy rattlesnake, show slight variations in coloration. Unlike larger rattlesnakes, their rattle is very small and produces a faint, buzzing sound that is difficult to hear from a distance.
Habitats and Distribution
Rattlesnakes in Georgia inhabit diverse environments across the state, with their distribution often linked to specific habitat preferences. These snakes are ectothermic, meaning they rely on external sources for body temperature regulation.
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnakes are found in southern Georgia, particularly south of the Fall Line in the Coastal Plain. They prefer open longleaf pine woods, sandhills, and coastal scrub areas. They also use gopher tortoise burrows for refuge from temperature extremes, predators, and wildfires.
Timber Rattlesnakes have a wider distribution, found throughout most of Georgia, including northern mountainous regions and southern creek and river bottoms. They prefer wooded, undisturbed areas, especially mixed pine-hardwood forests. These snakes may den individually or in small groups, using rock crevices, stump holes, or other animal burrows for shelter.
Pygmy Rattlesnakes are present throughout Georgia, except for the extreme northern edge. They adapt to various habitats, including areas near water sources like streams, swamps, and marshes, as well as drier sandhills and pine forests. They spend much of their time hidden under leaf litter, logs, or rocks.
Encountering Rattlesnakes Safely
Encountering a rattlesnake can be startling, but understanding how to react can help ensure safety. Rattlesnakes generally prefer to avoid human interaction and will typically only strike if they feel threatened or cornered. Most snake bites occur when individuals attempt to handle, capture, or harm the snake.
If you encounter a rattlesnake, remain calm and slowly back away, giving it space to retreat. Avoid sudden movements that might startle the snake. Do not attempt to identify the snake from a close distance or try to move it.
Preventative measures reduce the chance of an encounter. When outdoors, especially in areas known to harbor snakes, wear sturdy boots. Stay on designated trails and watch where you step and place your hands, particularly when reaching into dense vegetation or around logs and rocks. Clearing leaf litter and debris around homes also reduces potential hiding spots for snakes.
While rattlesnakes possess venom, they use their rattle as a warning. It is a common misconception that rattlesnakes always rattle before striking; a surprised snake may strike without warning. If a bite occurs, seek medical attention immediately.