Polar bears are powerful predators that inhabit Arctic regions. While encounters with humans are uncommon, they can be extremely dangerous, potentially resulting in serious injury or fatalities. Understanding polar bear behavior and implementing safety measures is important for anyone venturing into their territory.
Prevalence of Attacks
Historically, polar bear attacks on humans have been rare. Between 1870 and 2014, 73 confirmed global attacks resulted in 20 fatalities and 63 injuries. Most incidents occurred in Canada, followed by Russia, Norway, the United States, and Greenland. Despite these low overall numbers, attacks have notably increased in frequency since 2000.
Since 2000, 88% of attacks occurred between July and December. This period coincides with minimal sea ice, forcing more bears onto land. Increased human activity in the Arctic also leads to more interactions. Attacks are more likely in remote Arctic regions, around field camps, and within human settlements.
Understanding Bear Motivations
Polar bears typically attack for specific reasons. Predatory behavior accounts for most attacks, especially by nutritionally stressed adult male bears. These bears may view humans as a food source, particularly when natural prey like seals becomes scarce due to diminishing sea ice. Unlike some other bear species, polar bears are true predators and may actively stalk humans.
Defensive attacks, while less common, occur if a bear feels threatened. Female polar bears defending cubs are known to be aggressive. Curiosity can also draw bears closer, especially younger bears investigating unfamiliar sights and smells. Habituation to human presence, often due to improper food storage or waste management, can lead bears to associate humans with food.
Reducing Encounter Risk
Minimizing polar bear encounter risk requires proactive measures. Proper food and waste management is essential; all attractants, including food and garbage, should be stored in bear-resistant containers or secured away from camps. Avoiding strong-scented items and cooking away from sleeping areas also reduces temptation.
Safe travel practices significantly lower encounter risk. Traveling in groups is advisable, as larger groups are more easily detected and appear more formidable. Making noise in bear country helps prevent surprise encounters, allowing bears to avoid the area. Remaining vigilant, scanning surroundings, and being aware of wind direction helps detect bears before they become too close.
Carrying and knowing how to use deterrents is important. Bear spray is highly effective in close-range encounters, stopping undesirable behavior in 18 of 19 reported incidents. Flares and noisemakers, such as bear bangers, can also scare off approaching bears. In some areas, trained individuals may carry firearms as a last resort, with high-powered rifles or shotguns loaded with slugs often recommended.
What to Do During an Encounter
If a polar bear encounter occurs, remain calm. Do not run, as polar bears are fast and interpret running as prey behavior. Instead, stand your ground and appear as large as possible by waving your arms and making loud noises. Slowly back away while keeping the bear in sight, allowing it an escape route.
If the bear continues to approach or charges, deploy deterrents like bear spray or flares. Bear spray is most effective at close range, typically within 20 feet (6 meters). If a physical attack occurs, do not play dead. Fight back aggressively, targeting sensitive areas like the bear’s eyes and nose with any available objects or your fists.