“Nats” is a common, often confusing, colloquial term used to describe various small flying insects. Not all gnats bite, but understanding which ones do and how to manage them is important for comfort and health. This article clarifies which types of gnats bite, describes their appearance and feel, and provides prevention strategies.
Understanding “Nats” and Their Bites
The term “gnat” is broadly applied to many small, winged flies, but not all of them bite. Common non-biting gnats often found indoors include fungus gnats, which are attracted to overly moist soil in houseplants, as well as fruit flies and drain flies. These species are primarily nuisances and lack the mouthparts necessary to puncture human skin.
Conversely, certain types of gnats do bite, and these are typically female gnats that require a blood meal to produce eggs. These biting species include biting midges, also known as “no-see-ums” or sand gnats, black flies, and some sand flies. Unlike mosquitoes, which use needle-like mouthparts, biting gnats employ scissor-like jaws to cut the skin. They then inject saliva containing anticoagulants, which prevents blood clotting and allows them to feed, often leading to an irritating reaction in the bitten area.
Recognizing and Addressing Bites
Gnat bites typically manifest as small, red, itchy welts or bumps on the skin. These bites commonly affect exposed areas like the ears, face, neck, wrists, and ankles. Along with visible redness and swelling, individuals often experience itching and localized pain at the bite site.
Reactions to gnat bites can vary significantly among individuals; some may barely notice them, while others might develop more pronounced swelling or even small blisters. The symptoms are largely due to a minor allergic reaction to proteins in the gnat’s saliva. While usually mild, more severe allergic responses, such as extensive swelling, hives, or, in rare instances, difficulty breathing or anaphylaxis, can occur. It is important to avoid scratching gnat bites, as this can break the skin and potentially lead to secondary bacterial infections.
For immediate relief:
Wash the bitten area thoroughly with soap and water.
Apply a cold compress or ice pack to reduce swelling and irritation.
Use over-the-counter anti-itch creams containing hydrocortisone or calamine lotion.
Take oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine or loratadine, to alleviate itching and swelling.
Elevate the affected limb if the bite is on an arm or leg.
Preventing Gnat Bites
Preventing gnat bites involves a combination of personal protection and environmental control measures. For personal protection, using insect repellents containing active ingredients like DEET or picaridin is effective. DEET concentrations of 30% offer robust protection, while picaridin, typically at 20% concentration, is also highly effective. Oil of lemon eucalyptus provides a plant-based alternative, though it may require more frequent reapplication.
Wearing appropriate clothing can also significantly reduce bites, as gnats cannot bite through fabric. Opt for long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and closed-toed shoes, especially when outdoors. Biting gnats are often most active during dawn and dusk, so avoiding outdoor activities during these peak times can minimize exposure.
Environmental control focuses on eliminating potential breeding grounds. Many gnat species, including biting midges, lay their eggs in moist environments like standing or running water, damp soil, moss, or tree bark. Removing sources of standing water around the home and ensuring proper drainage can help.
For indoor pests like fungus gnats, address overwatered houseplants. Allowing soil to dry between waterings, using well-draining potting mix, or bottom-watering plants can deter them. Installing window screens can also prevent gnats from entering living spaces, and using fans can deter these weak fliers, making areas less hospitable for them.