The Asian giant hornet, scientifically known as Vespa mandarinia, is the largest hornet species in the world. Recent public interest has highlighted these insects, often referred to as “murder hornets,” raising concerns about their potential danger. This article provides information on their sting and what to do if an encounter occurs.
The Sting’s Impact
Asian giant hornets possess a potent sting. Their stinger measures about 6 millimeters (1/4 inch) and delivers venom that can damage tissue. Those who have experienced a sting describe the sensation as intense and searing pain.
A single sting results in immediate pain, accompanied by swelling and redness at the site. While a solitary sting is rarely fatal for individuals without allergies, the risk increases with multiple stings. Multiple stings can lead to systemic reactions, potentially causing organ damage such as kidney failure, liver damage, or respiratory failure, and in severe cases, even death.
Allergic reactions, specifically anaphylaxis, are a serious danger. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, throat, or lips, dizziness, hives, a rapid pulse, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. Anyone experiencing these signs after a sting requires immediate medical attention.
Recognizing the Hornet
Identifying the Asian giant hornet is important for safety. This species is notably large, with queens reaching up to 5 centimeters (2 inches) in body length, and workers measuring between 3.5 to 3.9 centimeters (1.5 inches). They have a wingspan that can extend up to 7.6 centimeters (3 inches).
Their physical characteristics include a broad, light orange to yellow head with prominent dark brown or black eyes. The antennae are brown with a yellow-orange base, and they possess large, orange mandibles featuring a distinct black tooth. The thorax is dark brown or black, and the abdomen displays alternating bands of dark brown or black and a vibrant yellow-orange color, often with the last segment being yellow.
Distinguishing them from other insects, like the European hornet (Vespa crabro), is useful. European hornets are smaller, measuring about 1 to 1.5 inches, and have a yellow face and a reddish-brown thorax. Their abdomen is primarily yellow with black bands that often have teardrop-shaped markings, contrasting with the straight bands found on the Asian giant hornet’s abdomen. Asian giant hornets build their nests underground, often utilizing abandoned rodent burrows or spaces near rotten pine roots, with nests found between 6 and 60 centimeters deep.
Safety Measures
Encountering an Asian giant hornet requires a calm approach. If one is seen, remain still and slowly back away from the area. Sudden movements or attempting to swat the hornet can provoke it.
If a sting occurs, prompt first aid can manage the immediate symptoms. The affected area should be washed thoroughly with soap and water. Applying a cold compress or ice pack to the sting site can reduce swelling and pain, and over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can be used for discomfort.
Individuals who experience multiple stings should consult a healthcare provider. Immediate emergency medical care is necessary if any signs of a severe allergic reaction develop, including difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, mouth, or throat, dizziness, hives, or a rapid pulse. If an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen) is available and prescribed for severe allergies, it should be used immediately, followed by calling emergency services. Additionally, stings to the mouth, nose, or throat, or symptoms that worsen or do not improve over time, warrant medical evaluation.