Mulberries grow on trees, which are large, deciduous plants that produce small, edible fruit resembling an elongated blackberry. The fruit is botanically known as an infrutescence, or multiple fruit, developing from clusters of minute flowers. This plant family is known for its adaptability and historical importance, explaining its wide distribution today.
The Mulberry Tree Family
Mulberry trees belong to the genus Morus, which is part of the Moraceae family, a group that also includes figs and breadfruit. These are woody trees or large shrubs that shed their leaves annually, separating them from cane-bearing plants like raspberries and blackberries. They are typically fast-growing when young, eventually reaching heights ranging from 30 to 70 feet, depending on the specific species and growing conditions. The leaves are distinctive, often displaying variation in shape, with some being deeply lobed and others remaining unlobed even on the same branch. These trees can be remarkably long-lived, with some varieties surviving for hundreds of years.
Distinguishing the Major Types
The three most commonly encountered species are the Red, Black, and White mulberries, though their common names often mislead due to fruit color variation.
Red Mulberry (Morus rubra)
The Red Mulberry is native to North America and tends to produce the largest trees in the genus, sometimes reaching 70 feet tall. Its fruit matures to a dark purple or nearly black color and is often considered the sweetest and most flavorful of the North American types.
Black Mulberry (Morus nigra)
The Black Mulberry originates from Western Asia and is widely regarded as having the superior flavor, characterized by a sweet-tart profile and intensely juicy pulp. Morus nigra trees are typically smaller and slower-growing than other species. Unlike other types, the true Black Mulberry only produces dark-colored fruit.
White Mulberry (Morus alba)
The White Mulberry is native to China and was originally imported for silkworm cultivation, as its leaves are the preferred food source. This species is highly adaptable and, in some regions, is considered an invasive plant. Despite its name, the fruit is the most variable, ranging from white to pink, lavender, and even black. Its flavor is frequently described as subtly sweet or bland compared to the black or red varieties.
Growth Habits and Cultivation
Mulberry trees are notably hardy and adaptable, thriving in a wide range of climates and tolerating diverse soil conditions, though they prefer well-drained loamy soil. They perform best in full sun but can manage with partial shade. These trees are exceptionally resilient and become drought-tolerant once their root systems are well-established. The primary concern for cultivating fruiting mulberry trees is the significant mess created by fruit drop. The dark pigments in the ripe berries are intense and can cause deep staining on concrete, driveways, vehicles, and clothing. Due to the staining and the tree’s vigorous growth rate, it is advisable to locate the tree away from patios or walkways. While low-maintenance once mature, fast-growing varieties often require heavy pruning to maintain a manageable size and shape in urban landscapes.