The common phrase “moths eat clothes” is a misconception. Adult moths do not eat fabric; their offspring, the larvae, are responsible for damaging textiles. These larvae hatch from eggs laid on suitable materials. Understanding this distinction is important for protecting belongings and addressing infestations.
The True Fabric Eaters
Clothes moth larvae, primarily the webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella) and the casemaking clothes moth (Tinea pellionella), cause fabric damage. These larvae possess specialized digestive systems capable of breaking down keratin, a protein found in natural animal fibers. They feed on materials like wool, silk, fur, feathers, cashmere, felt, and even synthetic blends containing these natural fibers. Cotton and pure synthetics are generally not targeted unless they are soiled with food stains or body oils.
The larvae of the webbing clothes moth spin silken tubes or patches of webbing as they consume fibers, often leaving behind a grazed appearance. Casemaking clothes moth larvae, conversely, create a protective silken case from the fibers they eat, carrying it with them as they move and feed. This case often matches the color of the fabric, making them difficult to spot. These larvae can live for varying periods, from a few months up to two and a half years, depending on environmental conditions and food availability.
Signs of Moth Presence
Signs of moth presence include irregularly shaped holes in natural fiber garments, particularly those stored in dark, undisturbed areas. These holes tend to enlarge as the larvae grow and consume more material.
Other clues include small, maggot-like larvae, which are creamy white with a brown head, or tiny fecal pellets, known as frass, often the same color as the fabric. The presence of adult moths, flying or crawling around belongings, signals an active breeding cycle and potential larval activity. Inspect hidden areas like seams, cuffs, collars, and under furniture or rugs, as these are preferred feeding and breeding sites.
Protecting Your Belongings
Preventing clothes moth infestations involves careful storage and consistent cleaning practices. Before storing garments, especially seasonal items, ensure they are thoroughly cleaned, as moths are attracted to perspiration and food stains. Store clean, dry items in airtight containers, vacuum-sealed bags, or cedar chests, which deter moths with their natural oils. Cedar wood rings or planks can be used, but require sanding every six to twelve months to refresh their potency.
Maintain good ventilation in closets and storage areas and avoid overfilling them, as moths prefer dark, undisturbed, and humid environments. Regularly air out wardrobes and periodically inspect vulnerable items for early signs of activity. Consistent household cleanliness, including regular vacuuming of carpets, floors, and under furniture, helps remove eggs, larvae, and potential food sources like lint and debris.
What to Do About an Infestation
Addressing an existing clothes moth infestation requires a systematic approach to eliminate all life stages. Begin by isolating affected items and thoroughly cleaning them. Machine washable items should be laundered in hot water, as high temperatures kill larvae and eggs. For dry-clean-only garments, professional dry cleaning is effective. Items that cannot be washed or dry cleaned can be sealed in plastic bags and placed in a freezer for at least 48 to 72 hours, as sub-zero temperatures are lethal to moth larvae.
After treating the affected clothing, deep clean the storage area. Remove all contents from wardrobes and drawers, then thoroughly vacuum the interior, paying close attention to corners and crevices. Wipe down all surfaces with soap and water or a vinegar solution. To discourage recurrence, consider using natural repellents like cedar balls or sachets containing lavender or other herbs. Pheromone traps can also be used to monitor for adult male moths and help disrupt their breeding cycle.