Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication marked by high blood pressure and organ damage, often affecting the kidneys and liver. It typically develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women with previously normal blood pressure. Affecting 2% to 8% of pregnancies globally, preeclampsia significantly contributes to maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. The exact causes are not fully understood, prompting ongoing research.
The Male Partner’s Contribution
While preeclampsia is a maternal condition, research explores how paternal factors can influence the maternal immune response and placental development. The fetus and placenta contain paternal antigens, which the mother’s immune system recognizes as foreign. For a successful pregnancy, the maternal immune system must adapt and develop tolerance to these antigens.
Dysregulation in this immune adaptation is an active area of research. Studies suggest that the level of exposure to paternal semen prior to pregnancy can influence this immune response, potentially affecting preeclampsia risk. For example, low cumulative exposure to seminal fluid combined with certain maternal-fetal genetic similarities may increase risk. Beyond genetics, factors like the male partner’s health, such as obesity or chronic diseases, have been associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia in their partners.
Understanding Preeclampsia’s Causes
Preeclampsia is thought to originate from issues with placental development and function, specifically inadequate blood vessel formation early in pregnancy. Normally, blood vessels widen to supply the placenta with sufficient oxygen and nutrients. In preeclampsia, these vessels may not develop or function properly, reducing blood flow. This placental dysfunction can release substances that affect the mother’s blood vessels, leading to high blood pressure and organ damage.
Risk factors for preeclampsia include:
- Chronic hypertension, kidney disease, or pre-existing diabetes
- A history of preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy
- Carrying multiple babies
- A family history of the condition
- Obesity
- Advanced maternal age (35 or older)
- Certain autoimmune disorders like lupus
- Having a first-time pregnancy
Managing Preeclampsia and Reducing Risk
Early diagnosis of preeclampsia relies on regular prenatal care, including monitoring blood pressure and checking urine for protein. While some women experience symptoms like headaches, vision changes, or swelling, others might have no noticeable signs until the condition is severe. If diagnosed, healthcare providers aim to manage the condition and safely prolong the pregnancy.
The definitive treatment for preeclampsia is the delivery of the baby and placenta. Depending on severity and gestational age, management strategies may include close monitoring, medications to control blood pressure, and magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. For risk reduction, low-dose aspirin (81 to 150 mg) may be recommended daily after 12 weeks of pregnancy for individuals at high or moderate risk, as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing pre-existing conditions, and consistent communication with healthcare providers are important for reducing risk and ensuring appropriate care.