Mexico is a significant global producer of citrus fruits. The answer to whether lemons grow in Mexico is yes, but the country’s massive citrus output is overwhelmingly dominated by limes, which are locally and universally referred to by the Spanish word limón. Citrus cultivation represents a major economic force in the country, providing an essential crop for both domestic cuisine and international trade. This extensive cultivation has positioned Mexico as a powerhouse in the global market.
The Definitive Answer and Varietal Distinction
True lemons, botanically known as Citrus limon, are indeed grown in Mexico, but they make up a small fraction of the total production, mainly for niche markets or domestic consumption. The yellow fruit familiar to many is typically called limón amarillo to distinguish it from the far more prevalent green varieties. True lemons are generally oval-shaped, have a thick, textured peel, and thrive in slightly cooler, more temperate climates than their lime counterparts.
The vast majority of Mexican production, and what is simply called limón, consists of two main types of limes: the Mexican lime and the Persian lime. The Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia), also known as the Key lime, is small, round, and highly acidic with a thin rind and numerous seeds, providing the intense aroma prized in traditional Mexican dishes. The Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) is a larger, seedless, and less acidic fruit, which is the primary variety grown for export due to its tougher rind and longer shelf life.
Primary Growing Regions and Climate
The production of these limes is concentrated in several states that offer the ideal tropical and subtropical conditions needed for the trees to thrive. The state of Michoacán is the leading producer of the smaller, seedier Mexican lime, while Veracruz leads in the production of the larger Persian lime. Other top-producing states that contribute to the national volume include Colima, Oaxaca, and Tamaulipas.
These regions benefit from high average temperatures, often ranging between 77 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit, with ample sunshine necessary for fruit development. Limes require consistent moisture, which is supplied by the significant rainfall and humidity characteristic of the coastal and southern interior regions. The trees grow best in well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral soils, making the fertile lands of these states suitable for year-round cultivation.
Cultivation and Harvesting Practices
Mexican citrus orchards are established in open fields, where the trees can grow up to 20 feet tall. Irrigation methods vary, with many larger commercial farms utilizing drip systems to ensure consistent moisture, while smaller operations may rely more on natural rainfall. Pest management is a constant effort, especially against diseases such as Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, which has been detected across many citrus-producing states.
The lime harvest is a continuous process, as the trees produce fruit nearly year-round, with peaks occurring between May and October. Unlike many crops, limes do not ripen further once picked, so timing is important to ensure the fruit has reached the right firmness and juiciness. Harvesting is frequently done by hand, as workers carefully twist or clip the fruits from the thorny branches to prevent damage to the delicate skin. After picking, the fruit is quickly transported to packing houses where it is washed, sorted by size and quality, and prepared for distribution.
Global Market Role
Mexico is recognized as the world’s second-largest producer and exporter of lemons and limes, holding a market share of over 20% of global production. The crop generates hundreds of millions of dollars in export value annually, providing a substantial economic foundation for rural communities. The trade relationship is heavily skewed toward the north, with the United States acting as the primary export destination, receiving over 90% of Mexico’s exported volume.
The high volume of exports is facilitated by trade agreements and efficient logistical networks that move the fruit quickly across the border. The market faces challenges related to price fluctuations, which can be volatile due to weather events or changes in domestic production volumes. Beyond the US, significant export destinations include the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, cementing Mexico’s position as a dominant force in supplying the world with fresh citrus.