Pectus excavatum is a congenital chest wall deformity where the sternum, or breastbone, and the surrounding rib cage appear sunken or caved inward. This structural anomaly can range in severity from a mild indentation to a pronounced depression. Understanding its characteristics can help individuals determine if further medical consultation is needed.
What Pectus Excavatum Is
Pectus excavatum arises from an abnormal growth of the costal cartilages, the flexible tissues connecting the ribs to the sternum. This irregular growth causes the sternum to recess inward. While the exact cause is not fully understood, it is believed to involve genetic factors and connective tissue irregularities.
The condition is present at birth, but its visibility can vary significantly. Some individuals may have a subtle dip, while for others, the indentation can be quite severe. The deformity often becomes more pronounced during periods of rapid growth, such as adolescence. Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital chest wall deformity, affecting approximately 1 in 300 to 1 in 1000 live births.
Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms
The most apparent sign of pectus excavatum is the distinctive sunken appearance of the chest, often described as a “funnel chest.” This indentation can be symmetrical, affecting both sides equally, or asymmetrical, appearing more pronounced on one side. In some cases, the lower ribs may protrude outward, known as “flared ribs,” which can emphasize the inward curve of the sternum.
Beyond these visual cues, pectus excavatum can also present with physical symptoms, especially in severe cases where the sternum compresses underlying organs. Individuals might experience shortness of breath during physical exertion due to reduced lung capacity. Chest pain or discomfort is also common, often musculoskeletal. Other symptoms include exercise intolerance, fatigue, and heart palpitations or an irregular heartbeat. The severity of these physical symptoms can differ greatly, with some experiencing no functional limitations despite a visible deformity.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Self-assessment of pectus excavatum is not a substitute for a professional medical diagnosis. If an individual suspects they have pectus excavatum or are experiencing related symptoms, consulting a doctor is the next step. A medical professional can accurately evaluate the condition and rule out other potential causes for chest abnormalities.
During an initial assessment, a doctor will perform a physical examination to observe the chest deformity. They will also discuss the individual’s medical history and inquire about any symptoms. This comprehensive evaluation helps the doctor understand the nature and potential impact of the condition. Seeking timely medical advice ensures a proper diagnosis and allows for appropriate management or monitoring.