A yeast infection (Candidiasis) is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast. This fungus is a normal part of the human microbiome, living on the skin and in areas like the mouth and vagina. It can multiply uncontrollably when the body’s natural balance is disrupted. Approximately three out of four women will experience a vaginal yeast infection (vulvovaginal candidiasis) at some point. The infection is not typically severe, but it causes significant discomfort and requires accurate identification for proper treatment.
Identifying the Key Symptoms
The main signs of a yeast infection center on irritation and changes in discharge in the affected area. Intense itching and irritation around the vaginal opening is a hallmark symptom. This discomfort can be accompanied by a burning sensation, which may become more noticeable during urination or sexual intercourse. A specific type of discharge is frequently associated with this infection, often described as thick, white, and clumpy, resembling cottage cheese. This discharge is usually odorless, which helps distinguish it from other vaginal conditions. The external genital area may show redness, swelling, and soreness.
While the vaginal area is the most common site, Candida overgrowth can occur elsewhere. In the mouth, it is known as oral thrush, presenting as white patches on the tongue and inner cheeks. On the skin, it can appear as a red, itchy rash in moist areas like skin folds.
Common Causes and Risk Factors
A yeast infection develops when the balance of microorganisms shifts, allowing Candida fungus to multiply. One common trigger is the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which eliminate beneficial bacteria that normally keep Candida growth in check. Changes in hormone levels also play a significant role, as elevated estrogen levels can promote yeast growth. This makes infections more common during pregnancy or in people using hormonal contraceptives.
Individuals with uncontrolled diabetes are also at higher risk because elevated blood sugar levels encourage fungal growth. Other factors include a weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or certain medications like corticosteroids. Simple lifestyle choices can also contribute, such as wearing tight, non-breathable clothing or prolonged use of wet swimwear, which creates a warm, moist environment conducive to yeast overgrowth.
Differentiating Yeast Infections from Other Conditions
Distinguishing a yeast infection from other common vaginal conditions, like Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) or certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs), is necessary for effective treatment. The classic thick, odorless, cottage cheese-like discharge separates a yeast infection from BV. BV is characterized by a thin, grayish-white or watery discharge and a distinct, strong “fishy” odor, which often becomes more noticeable after intercourse. Unlike a yeast infection, BV typically involves minimal itching and inflammation.
Certain STIs, like trichomoniasis, can also cause itching and burning, but they often present with a frothy, yellow-green discharge and a foul odor. It is possible to have a yeast infection alongside another condition, which can further complicate self-assessment. Because the symptoms overlap, a definitive diagnosis often requires a medical professional.
Treatment Options and When to Seek Medical Care
For uncomplicated infections, the primary treatment involves antifungal medications, which are widely available over-the-counter (OTC) as creams, suppositories, or tablets. These topical treatments are typically administered in one-, three-, or seven-day courses and work by directly killing the fungus. A single-dose oral pill may also be prescribed by a healthcare provider.
While OTC treatments are effective, it is important to complete the entire course of medication, even if symptoms improve quickly, to prevent recurrence. Self-treatment is not appropriate in all situations, and seeking medical care is recommended for safety and accuracy. A medical consultation is important if this is the first time experiencing these symptoms, or if symptoms do not improve within a few days of starting OTC treatment.
People experiencing recurrent infections require professional evaluation to determine the underlying cause and a different treatment plan. Additionally, pregnant individuals or those with underlying health conditions, such as diabetes or a weakened immune system, should always consult a doctor before attempting to self-treat. A medical professional can confirm the diagnosis and rule out other, potentially more serious, infections.