Candidiasis, commonly known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the Candida species, most frequently Candida albicans. This fungus naturally lives in the body, including the vagina, but an imbalance allows it to multiply unchecked. Vaginal candidiasis is common, affecting an estimated three out of four women at least once during their lifetime. This information details the typical signs, predisposing factors, and treatments, but does not replace a professional medical diagnosis from a healthcare provider.
Identifying the Key Symptoms
The primary indicator of a yeast infection is intense and persistent itching, specifically of the vulva and the entrance to the vagina. This discomfort can range from mild irritation to severe discomfort. Many people also experience a distinct burning sensation that often worsens during urination (dysuria) or sexual intercourse (dyspareunia).
The external genital area, or vulva, may become visibly red, inflamed, and swollen due to the irritation caused by the fungal overgrowth. In more severe or prolonged cases, this inflammation can lead to small tears, cracks, or a rash on the skin. A recognizable symptom is the characteristic vaginal discharge, which is typically thick, white, and odorless.
The discharge is often described as having a texture similar to cottage cheese or curdled milk. Its consistency is a strong clue distinguishing it from other vaginal conditions. If you notice a discharge that is thin, grey, or has a strong, fishy odor, this suggests a different type of vaginal infection, such as bacterial vaginosis.
Common Triggers and Risk Factors
A yeast infection develops when the delicate balance of microorganisms in the vagina is disrupted, allowing Candida to proliferate. The vagina naturally contains beneficial bacteria, primarily Lactobacillus species, which maintain an acidic environment that keeps yeast growth in check. Anything that upsets this balance, such as taking broad-spectrum antibiotics, can precipitate an infection by removing the natural control on Candida.
Hormonal fluctuations significantly influence the risk of developing candidiasis. Increased estrogen levels, such as those during pregnancy, with the use of high-estrogen birth control pills, or during hormone replacement therapy, create an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth.
Certain underlying health conditions present a greater risk for infection. Uncontrolled diabetes is a major factor because elevated blood sugar levels lead to higher glucose concentrations in vaginal secretions. This excess glucose acts as a nutrient source, fueling the multiplication of the Candida fungus. Any condition or medication that weakens the immune system, such as HIV or corticosteroid therapy, also makes the body less effective at controlling the yeast population.
Self-Treatment Options and When to Consult a Doctor
For uncomplicated yeast infections, several effective over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal treatments are available. These medications are typically azole antifungals, such as miconazole or clotrimazole, and come in various forms. They are available as vaginal creams, ointments, or suppositories. Treatment courses range from single-dose options to three-day or seven-day regimens.
These OTC products are highly effective for most people and are designed to halt the growth of the Candida fungus. However, if this is the first time you have experienced these symptoms, consulting a healthcare provider is the safest initial step. The symptoms of candidiasis can mimic those of other conditions, such as bacterial vaginosis or some sexually transmitted infections, which require different medical treatments.
Professional medical consultation is mandatory if symptoms are severe, involving extensive redness, swelling, or skin fissures. You should also seek medical attention if symptoms fail to improve after using OTC treatments for the prescribed period. A doctor can prescribe stronger treatments, such as a single oral dose of fluconazole, or a longer course of therapy. Specialized treatment is required if you are pregnant, have a weakened immune system, or experience recurrent infections (four or more per year).