A vaginal yeast infection is an extremely common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the Candida species, most often Candida albicans. This fungus naturally exists in the vagina, but a disruption in the environment’s balance can allow it to multiply uncontrollably. Up to 75% of people with vaginas will experience this condition at least once. This information is designed to help you recognize common signs and make an informed decision about seeking care, but it is not a substitute for a professional medical diagnosis.
Common Symptoms of Yeast Infections
The most noticeable indicator of a yeast infection is intense, persistent itching that affects the vagina and the outer vulvar tissues. This irritation is accompanied by a distinct burning sensation, particularly when urine passes over the inflamed skin or during sexual intercourse. The entire area may appear red and swollen, and in severe cases, the skin of the vulva may develop small cracks or fissures.
A characteristic thick, white, and odorless discharge is present. This discharge is described as having a texture similar to cottage cheese or curdled milk. While this chunky discharge is typical, some people may experience a thinner, more watery discharge instead. Pain during sexual activity or a burning feeling during urination are also common symptoms that can point toward a yeast overgrowth.
Distinguishing Yeast Infections from Other Conditions
Self-diagnosing a yeast infection can be challenging because its symptoms overlap with other common vaginal conditions, such as Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) and Trichomoniasis. A yeast infection’s discharge is thick, white, and lacks a strong odor.
Bacterial Vaginosis, caused by a bacterial imbalance, presents with a thin, grayish, or off-white discharge. The key difference with BV is the presence of a strong, fishy odor that may become more apparent after intercourse. Trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection, results in a frothy, yellow-green discharge that can have a foul smell. Unlike the other two, Trichomoniasis is more likely to cause pain upon urination that is not associated with external irritation.
Over-the-Counter Treatment Options and Effectiveness
For mild, uncomplicated cases, several over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal treatments are available and highly effective. These treatments belong to a class of drugs called azoles and stop the growth and reproduction of the Candida fungus. The most common active ingredients are miconazole and clotrimazole, which are available in various forms.
Treatment options include vaginal creams, ointments, and suppositories, which are inserted directly into the vagina using an applicator. These products are sold in regimens lasting one, three, or seven days, with longer courses offering a more thorough eradication of the infection. Miconazole is available in a high-dose, single-day option, but a seven-day regimen is recommended for more reliable symptom relief. Both clotrimazole and miconazole have similar cure rates for uncomplicated infections, so the choice often comes down to personal preference for the formulation and duration.
When Professional Consultation is Necessary
Certain circumstances warrant a visit to a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and prescription treatment. Seek professional help if this is the first time you are experiencing these symptoms, as other infections can mimic a yeast infection. You should also consult a doctor if your symptoms are severe, involving extreme redness, swelling, or the development of tears or sores in the skin.
If symptoms do not improve or worsen after completing an OTC treatment, it may indicate a resistant strain of yeast or a misdiagnosed condition. Recurrent infections, defined as four or more episodes within a single year, require medical evaluation to identify underlying causes such as diabetes or an immune system issue. If you are pregnant or have a weakened immune system, professional guidance is needed, as standard treatments may not be suitable or effective.