The spotted hyena, a carnivore inhabiting sub-Saharan Africa, is often recognized by a distinct vocalization many perceive as a “laugh.” This sound, widely portrayed in popular culture, has led to a common misconception about its nature. Animal vocalizations are intricate forms of communication. Exploring the reality behind the hyena’s famous sound reveals a sophisticated communication system, not an expression of amusement.
The “Laughing” Vocalization
The sound commonly referred to as a hyena’s “laugh” is a high-pitched cackle or giggle-like vocalization. This sound is primarily made by the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Despite its resemblance to human laughter, it does not convey amusement or joy. It is a series of short, sharp sounds produced by forcing air through their vocal cords.
Scientific analysis differentiates this vocalization from human laughter. The hyena’s cackle is an acoustic signal with specific properties, including variations in pitch and timbre. This unique sound is a specialized communication tool within their social environment.
Purpose of the “Laugh”
The “laughing” vocalization serves several functions within a hyena clan’s communication. Hyenas produce this sound when stressed, nervous, excited, or frustrated, especially during competition for food resources. For instance, a hyena might vocalize this sound when attempting to secure a share of a kill or when being chased by a dominant individual.
The pitch and intensity of the cackle convey specific information to other hyenas. A higher-pitched, more frequent cackle can indicate a younger or subordinate individual expressing anxiety or submission. Conversely, dominant hyenas tend to produce lower-pitched, more controlled cackles. This allows clan members to assess an individual’s age, social status, or emotional state, helping to maintain their complex social hierarchy. The cackle can also act as an alert, signaling the discovery of food to nearby clan members, prompting them to gather and share resources.
A Broader Vocal Repertoire
Beyond the distinct “laugh,” spotted hyenas possess a diverse array of vocalizations that contribute to their complex social interactions. These sounds include whoops, grunts, groans, growls, and squeals. Each vocalization serves a specific communicative purpose within the clan’s intricate dynamics.
Whoops are loud, drawn-out calls that can travel long distances. These are used for long-distance communication, allowing hyenas to announce their presence or call for reinforcements during a hunt. Each hyena has a unique whoop, enabling individual recognition among clan members. Softer sounds like grunts and groans are used in closer interactions, such as greetings between adults or a mother calling her cubs from a den. This varied vocal repertoire underscores the sophistication of hyena communication, extending far beyond the single sound commonly associated with them.