The belief that hyenas die after giving birth is a common misconception, often fueled by the unique and challenging biology of the spotted hyena. While their birthing process is notably difficult, the widespread belief that mothers frequently perish during parturition is inaccurate. This article clarifies this misunderstanding, providing facts about hyena birth and the remarkable adaptations that enable their survival. The distinct anatomical features of female hyenas contribute significantly to this prevalent myth.
The Reality of Hyena Parturition
Female spotted hyenas do not typically die after giving birth, despite the arduous nature of the process. While uniquely challenging, the vast majority of mothers successfully navigate it and raise their offspring. The birthing process for a spotted hyena is recognized as one of the most demanding among mammals. However, the outcome for the mother is generally successful, demonstrating remarkable resilience.
The Anatomical Basis of the Myth
The myth surrounding hyena maternal mortality during birth largely stems from the unusual reproductive anatomy of the female spotted hyena. Unlike most mammals, the female possesses an elongated clitoris, commonly referred to as a pseudopenis, through which she urinates, copulates, and gives birth. This structure lacks an external vaginal opening, forcing cubs through a narrow urogenital canal within the pseudopenis. The diameter of this birth canal is remarkably small, typically only about 1 inch (2.2 cm) wide.
This unique anatomy is influenced by high levels of androgens, or male hormones, to which female hyenas are exposed during development. The rigid nature of the pseudopenis means that during a female’s first birth, the clitoral tissue almost always tears to allow cubs to pass. This tearing and the constricted passageway make parturition physically taxing, contributing to the misconception that it is often fatal.
Challenges and Survival Rates
Building upon anatomical complexities, hyena births present several challenges, though these rarely result in the mother’s death. Labor can be prolonged, sometimes lasting for hours or even days, as the mother strains to push cubs through the narrow canal. The tearing of the pseudopenis during the first birth carries a risk of injury, blood loss, and subsequent infection for the mother. Subsequent births tend to be easier because the torn tissue from previous deliveries often remains more open, facilitating passage.
While maternal survival rates are high, the birth canal challenges contribute to a significant cub mortality rate. Approximately 60% or more of spotted hyena cubs, particularly from a mother’s first litter, do not survive the birthing process. The primary cause of cub mortality is suffocation as they navigate the constricted passage. Additionally, hyena cubs are born relatively large, weighing between 1 and 1.5 kilograms, which further complicates their passage. Beyond birth trauma, neonatal siblicide, where cubs may attack and kill their siblings, accounts for around 25% of cub deaths in the first month of life.
Beyond Birth: Maternal Care and Cub Development
After navigating the demanding birthing process, hyena mothers demonstrate extensive maternal care. Immediately following birth, the mother diligently cleans and stimulates her newborns. Spotted hyena cubs are born remarkably well-developed, with their eyes open and teeth already present, a trait uncommon among many carnivorous mammals.
Mothers typically give birth in a secluded private den, offering protection for vulnerable newborns. After about two weeks, the mother may introduce cubs to a communal den, a central hub where multiple females raise their young together, fostering socialization.
Hyena cubs are entirely dependent on their mother’s exceptionally rich milk for an extended period, often nursing for 12 to 18 months, one of the longest lactation periods among carnivores. While they may begin to sample solid food as early as 3 to 5 months of age, milk remains a significant part of their diet. Mothers are protective of their offspring, fiercely defending them from threats. The survival of cubs is often influenced by the mother’s social rank within the clan, with higher-ranking females having greater access to resources.