Hummingbirds are remarkable creatures, known for their small size and aerial agility. Many species undertake extensive annual migrations, traveling vast distances between their breeding and wintering grounds. These journeys are a testament to their endurance.
The Driving Forces Behind Migration
Hummingbirds migrate primarily due to the availability of essential resources. In northern breeding territories, changing seasons reduce the supply of nectar-producing flowers and small insects, their main diet. Declining temperatures also make it difficult for these high-metabolism birds to maintain body heat. They seek warmer climates where food sources remain abundant through colder months.
When and How They Migrate
Hummingbirds begin migration in response to environmental cues, primarily changes in daylight duration. As days shorten, hormonal shifts signal the impending journey. In preparation, they enter hyperphagia, a period of increased feeding on nectar and insects. This allows them to build substantial fat reserves, often increasing their body weight by 25-40%, which fuels their long flight.
They fly alone at speeds typically ranging from 20 to 30 miles per hour, reaching up to 60 miles per hour. During migration, a hummingbird’s heart can beat up to 1,260 times per minute, and its wings flap between 15 to 80 times per second. Many species, like the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, undertake non-stop flights of 500 to 600 miles across the Gulf of Mexico, lasting 18 to 22 hours. Even young hummingbirds instinctively know their migration routes without parental guidance.
Where They Go
Most migratory hummingbirds breed in northern regions and travel south to warmer wintering grounds, predominantly in Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean. For example, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, common in eastern North America, typically winters between southern Mexico and northern Panama. They often cross the Gulf of Mexico directly or follow coastal routes.
The Rufous Hummingbird, found in western North America, undertakes one of the longest migrations for its size, traveling nearly 4,000 miles from breeding grounds as far north as Alaska to wintering sites in southern Mexico. These birds make a clockwise circuit, moving north along the Pacific Coast in spring and returning south through the Rocky Mountains in late summer and fall. While general patterns exist, individual routes can vary, influenced by weather and food availability.
Supporting Migratory Hummingbirds
The public can assist migratory hummingbirds. Providing nectar feeders offers supplementary food. A solution of one part refined white sugar to four parts water is recommended; avoid red dye as it is unnecessary and potentially harmful. Clean feeders thoroughly every few days to prevent mold growth and maintain bird health.
Planting native, nectar-rich flowers that bloom at appropriate times creates refueling stops. Species like Cardinal Flowers, Salvia, Columbines, and Bee Balm attract hummingbirds. Avoid using harmful pesticides in gardens, as hummingbirds consume small insects for protein. Keep feeders up for at least two weeks after the last hummingbird sighting in the fall to provide sustenance for late travelers.